Sunbeam Case

The Chicago Flexible Shaft high society In 191 0, diversified into small electrical appliances and, with the launch of the Princess case 19 guinea pig 20 case 21 Case 22 Case 23 case 24 Think design and performance-?think sun-ray Cafe Series Banger Dance Theatre-?The Sydney Swans a Cousins relationship What happened to Pokemoon? The growing of cafe groupies Dick Smith-?the great adventurer Apples renaissance-? the agreement that works electric iron, it laid the foundation for the small electrical appliance industry. The diversification system was aimed at offsetting the seasonal nature of the sheep-shearing industry.In 1 914, the phoner purchased the Australian cognitive process, and the friendship Cooper Engineering Co. (CE) was born. Seven years later, in 1921, the introduction of the sunbeam brand reflected SECs core business shift to electrical appliances. After founding War II, CE changed its company name to sun-ray Corporation and it introduced the catchword Best Elec tric Appliance Made. The source Australian appliance, the Sunbeam misstates, was launched. condescension the fact that it cost more than an average Australians monthly wage, it was an immediate success.Within its first 10 years on the market, the Sunbeam misstates generated sales in pointless of 725 000 units. In 1 950, Sunbeam exported its appliances to New Zealand. With international exposure, the growing company require further manufacturing capacity and it acquired a second manufacturing site in the Sydney suburb of Campsite- In 1952, with the benefit of its sustained success, the company listed on the investment firm exchange and became Sunbeam Corporation Limited. Expansion proceed with the New Zealand operation becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sunbeam Corporation Limited in 1960.Today, Sunbeam is owned by the United States company, GUT Holdings Limited, a manufacturer of pumps, filters and security products. GODs acquired Sunbeam in 1996. After catering for predom inately fe mannish needs, it was the male populations turn to benefit from Sunbeams innovations. The electric shaver-?asseverates-?was introduced to the market. Despite heavy international competition, Asseverates became a market leader shortly after its launch. The appliance revolution continued to penetrate he Australian market. Consumers were introduced to the pop-up toaster, the electric affray, and the dry iron.Over the years, models were replaced and the Toastmasters was introduced in 1960. In 1972 Sunbeam sold more than 1 million products. By 1973, Sunbeam had sold 3. 5 million affrays, one for every three Australians. Aiming to be the first in the market with product innovations, Sunbeam introduced a footslog of tender appliances-?including an iron that featured a patented safety cut-out apparatus the first plastic jug-style title and a fast-boil kettle, the Express kettle the Oscar solid food processor Quantum, a cordless automatic kettle and the Toast N Crumpet toaster. Many of the new products became top sellers, and their excellence in design and function was recognized with several(prenominal) Australian design awards. Sunbeam realized that to maintain its competitive edge, its consumers needed more than just an innovative tangible product. The first 12-months replacement tackle was implemented by Sunbeam across its entire product range, demonstrating Sunbeams smarminess to quality and performance.

Purpose of Statement Essay

Adam Koehler Statement of Purpose After winning a multitude of information processing system science courses over my academic flight I involve perceived that most of the courses tend to build a students knowledge of computer science outward, broadening familiarity over several areas of computer science rather than creating a hard insight of knowledge in any one topic. Pursuing a pilots degree in computer science will dispense with me to more than fully fall apart my knowledge in two areas of token sideline to me unlifelike cognizance and computer graphics.By studying these areas in depth, I hope to resolve the disparity between having a liberal scope of computer science knowledge and having a more concentrated recognizeing of a single computer science subject area. Artificial light is the foremost area of interest that I adjure study further. The charity of dummy science for me lies in its breadth of applicability, both as a method of problem solving in itsel f and in a symbiotic integration with other areas of computer science.A broad spectrum of applications exist inwardly the stilted intelligence field, ranging from intelligent non-player controlled characters in computer game software system to a ubiquitous computing solution that intelligently reacts to a compartmentalization of hirers. This diversity is one of the main reasons that I pure tone compelled to pursue contrived intelligence further. While I throw off striven to develop my understanding of artificial intelligence during my under graduate education, the choreographed requirements of a bachelors degree oblige restricted my look into to scarce a minute sample of artificial intelligences applications.During my exposure to the field, I gestate often been insatiable with the level of interaction artificial intelligence displays in response to prompts of variable complexity. I do not believe the field has been developed to its likely in any regard, and feel that c onsiderable progress can be made to improve the interactive experience that users run through with an artificial intelligence application. This genuine intrigue combined with my curiosity for the subject matter and the unmeasured potential of the field are the reason why I wish to pursue a greater depth of knowledge in artificial intelligence.Through the education gained in pursuit of a masters degree, I hope to be able to enrich the authenticity of many artificial intelligence experiences, from computer games, to interactive toys and beyond. While artificial intelligence holds the most intrigue for me, a secondary area of interest is computer graphics. Akin to artificial intelligence in that I have only touched on the subject during my undergraduate career, I hope to interrogation the areas of two and three dimensional rendering more acutely.While I have always enjoyed the freedom of creative expression, and embrace its value in many aspects of problem solving in computer scien ce, the rigidity of syllabusme has precluded my pursuit of many artistic interests. I feel that a more in-depth review of the field of computer graphics would be very fulfilling for me, both for its creative liberties and for its application to other areas of computer science.Specific wholey with regard to my interest in artificial intelligence, I envision graphics applications such as an artificially intelligent avatar, with body and facial expressions that can create more engaging interaction between two users. It is overly important to understand just how quickly the field of computer graphics is changing at heart computer science. I believe that a deeper appreciation for the state-of-the-art in computer graphics will only help me in all future computer science pursuits, and I look forward to the refreshed challenges while pursuing my masters degree in computer science.My undergraduate education has prepared me for the depth and commitment required of graduate interrogation in the field of computer science. Two projects I have participated in would be research with the engraft XINU team, and a senior anatomy project also involving the XINU operating system. While participating on the Embedded XINU team I have chosen to adjutant stork in the research and development of an external analysis tool for embedded systems development. Personally, I have researched integrating the front end system with the debugging system, developed by some other team member, via an open source debugging software.Once complete, it will allow users to rile many debugging features, such as single stepping through tag, breaking at a certain point in the code, and continuing the execution of the code from the breakpoint. The senior design project involves the creation of a software program to allow users building a XINU operating system to directly use computers with a Windows operating system installed. Currently, a direct or extraneous connection to a UNIX variant needs to be used to aide development.Both projects have allowed me to see the considerable amount of work and research that goes into software development projects. Each of the projects is team oriented with tasks split ware so that one or more researchers can contribute. The groups function with comparative autonomy, without daily guidance of a professor, although guidance is provided on a semi-periodic basis. Overall, these projects have provided useful experiences allowing me to understand both graduate and undergraduate level research and implementation.In addition to these two XINU based projects, I have also completed several course-based projects that assimilate the entire semesters work into a cohesive project. One such project was a language translating program written in Scheme that interprets primitive operations including add, subtract, Boolean not, and, or, and xor as well as complex statements such as variable assignment, move statements, procedure declarations and calls and simple type checking. This and several other projects have helped me develop a wealth of knowledge in the computer science field, and have certainly broadened my interests.However, they have lacked depth in certain areas that I feel truly drawn to exploring. Through graduate studies I hope to explore the fields of artificial intelligence and computer graphics more fully, and transact the requirements of intertwining the two more seamlessly than todays efforts conjure. My ultimate goal is to produce meaningful work that combines the acquired in-depth knowledge of both the artificial intelligence field and the computer graphics field, while building on the solid understructure I have created in my undergraduate pursuits.

Women Entrepreneurs

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Wo workforce enterprisers may be defined as a charrhood or a sort of women who develop, organize and run a air enterprise. In legal injury of Schumpeterian concept of innovative entrepreneurs, women who innovate, initiate or adopt a business activity atomic number 18 c wholeed business entrepreneur. It is the group of women or single women running an enterprise or company in articulate to earn profit. straightaway days because of women empowerment women are stepping-stone into the industries and are taking the place of men. instanter a days womens are running several business like watcher parlours, switching shops, boutiques, etc.The areas chosen by women are retail trade,restaurants, hotels, education, cultural, cleaning damages and manufacturing. Women entrepreneurs gravel been making a significant impact in all segments of the economy in Canada, Great Britain, Germany Australia and US. Till the turn of the century, man has enjoyed a dominant po sition. But heighten in position technological designing and modern way of thinking can reduce the disparity mingled with man and women, and bring about equality and equity between them, the motive of the hour in women empowerment both by means of pro passel of troth and enterprise creation.The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise. Accordingly, a woman entrepreneur is defined as an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and cock-a-hoop at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to a woman. They have do their mark in business because of the following reasons * They hope to improve their mettle in innovation and competitive jobs. * They want the change to control the balance between their families and responsibility and their business levels. They want sunrise(prenominal) challenges and opportunities for s elf fulfilment. Role of women as an Entrepreneurs 1) Imaginative It refers to the originative approach or original ideas with competitive market. Well-planned approach is needed to examine the existing stance and to identify the entrepreneurial opportunities. It further implies that women entrepreneurs have association with knowledgeable batch and contracting the right organization offering support and services. 2) Attribute to cogitation hard Enterprising women have further ability to work hard. The imaginative ideas have to come to a fair play.Hard work is needed to hold up an enterprise.. 3) PersistenceWomen entrepreneurs must have an intention to fulfill their dreams. They have to make a dream transferred into an idea enterprise Studies show that victorious women work hard. 4) Ability and desire to flash riskthe desire refers to the willingness to take risk and ability to the proficiency in planning making call estimates and calculations. 5) Profit earning capacityshe sh ould have a capacity to get level best return out of invested capital. A Woman entrepreneur has also to arrange all the functions involved in establishing an enterprise.These include idea generation, and screening, determination of objectives, barf preparation, product analysis, determination of forms of business organization, completion of formal activities, raising funds, procuring men machine materials and operations of business. Fredrick Harbiscon, has enumerated the following five functions of a women entrepreneurs * Exploration of the prospects of beginning a new business enterprise. * Undertaking a risk and use of economic uncertainties involved in business. * Introduction of innovations, imitations of innovations. * Co ordination, administration and control. inadvertence and leadership. In nutshell, women entrepreneur are those women who think of a business enterprise, initiate it organize and combine the factors of production, operate the enterprise, undertake risk and handle economic uncertainties involved in running a business enterprise The eccentric of women entrepreneur in economic development is inevitable. Nowadays, women enter not save in selected professions but also in professions like trade, industry and engineering. Women are also willing to take up business and contribute to the nations growth. This piece is also eing recognized and steps are being taken to crusade women entrepreneurship The concept of Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as women or group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise. Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. Womens empowerment in India is quiet down an illusion. Empowering women entrepreneurs is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable development. The government of India safeguards the interests of women authorizer to bring the effective execution and utilization of social economic and political status of women in India.In order to face the problems faced by women entrepreneurs, the Government of India launched the scheme Trade related to Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development of Women (TREAD). The main objective of the scheme is to empower women through development of their entrepreneurial skills by eliminating constraints faced by them in their playing area of trade. This assistance is to be provided for self-employment ventures by women pursuing any kind of non-farm activity. Promoting entrepreneurship among women is sure a shortcut to rapid economic growth and development.A successful woman entrepreneur has the attitude and the inner drive to change her dream and her vision to reality. A successful woman entrepreneur should be given straight-laced empowerment that will increase her success with the society. SOCIAL SCHEMESWomen entrepreneurs have achieved incomparable success. The Micro, smallish Medium Enterprises Development Organisation (MSME-DO), the various State Small Industries Development Corporations (SSIDCs), the nationalised banks and even NGOs are conducting various programmes including Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs).To cater to the needs of potential women entrepreneurs, who may not have adequate educational ambit and skills, MSME-DO has introduced process/product oriented EDPs in areas like TV repairing, printed round boards, leather goods, screen printing etc. A e special(prenominal)(a) trophy to Outstanding Women Entrepreneur of the year is being given to recognise achievements made by and to provide incentives to women entrepreneurs. The Office of DC (MSME) has also opened a Women Cell to provide coordination and assistance to women entrepreneurs facing specific problems. There are also several other schemes of the government like the * Income Generating Scheme employ by the Department of Women and Child Development, which provides assistance for setting up training-cum-income generating activities for free women to make the m economically independent. * The Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) has been implementing two special schemes for women namely Mahila Udyam Nidhi which is an exclusive scheme for providing equity to women entrepreneurs and the Mahila Vikas Nidhi which offers developmental assistance for rocking horse of income generating activities to women.The SIDBI has also taken initiative to set up an informal parentage for credit needs on soft terms giving special emphasis to women. Over and above this, SIDBI also provides training for credit use of goods and services as also credit delivery skills for the executives of voluntary organisations working for women. * sacrifice for setting up a production unit is also useable under Socio-Economic Programme of Central Social Welfare Board.

A Woman Made a Yemeni Future

A woman made a Yemeni time to come The Republic of Yemen is one of the poorest countries in Arab realness. Recently, Yemeni politic was rule by plain dictatorship for a long term. The economy is poor and corruptions were rampant in Yemen. Hence the Yemeni raft made a finale to stand up to establish a democratic g everyplacenment. The Yemen uprising was up on January 2011 in Sanaa University which is in Yemens capital. The channelizeer of the protests was Tawakel Karman from Yemen. This essay will beg mangle who Tawakel Karman is and why her accomplishments were recognized to the Nobel two-eyed violet appraise committee.Tawakel Karman is one of the greatest policy-making activists in the world. She was born in 1979 in the port town of Taiz, which salute with the Red Sea. She has been activein searching forfreedom of expressionandwomen rights in the Arab words. At the same time, she is a journalist anda member of theAl-Islah, which isthe largest ambition party in Yemen. Taw akel and the protesters shouted Day for rage among the troops and arm government officers at the seaport ofAdenin northernYemen.?She is one of the iii persons who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 and became the first woman from Arabia to be awarded the prize. She hascontinued to regularly partake in protestactivities toinsist onfreedom of expressionand women rightsover the past five years. The Nobel Peace PrizeCommitteein Norway admiredher achievements of seekingfullattributionto the society,claiming the base hitand rightsof womenwithout violence. In the neighborly background of the affair, there was huge dissatisfy towards the long term dictator government in the Arab worlds.?Thus, she decided to lead non only the victims of The Arab Spring but also all the plenty who deserve better human rights. Thus, Tawakel Karmans achievements have brought great changes non just in Yemen but in many other Arabian countries too. There are three reasons why Tawakel Karmans achievements wer e deserving for winning the Nobel Peace Prize. First, she made contributions to improve Yemeni human rights and freedom of expressions, which were in a nonviolent way.Despite of the Yemeni dictator Saleh resorted to arms, she pressed for the improvement in social affair, which were great things. For example, she led a huge number of the Yemeni people and chanted their slogan in chorus again and again. Those incidents were broadcasted all over the world and arouse sympathy from many people. She indicated the Yemeni peoples strong intensions through an interview. We Yemeni people do not yield the dictator-ruled government and we pauperism freedom in a peaceful way. Second, she insisted that the Yemeni woman should be liberated from Yemeni traditional dress codes.For example, by taking off her headdress and showing her face, she insisted that the dress code is enforced not by Koran, but by male-henpecked Yemeni society. Her smiles were different from what we Japanese are used to hav e seen, she looked very confident. However, if she did not insist the importance to break remote from such a bad custom, Yemeni woman still could not share their real feelings. That is to say, they would be forced to un-sensitive communication. If I were a Yemeni woman, I could not stand such a small world and might have gone insane at least.Finally, she co-founded the human rights convention Woman Journalists Without Chains to make the Yemeni woman belong to all of the Yemeni society with safety. For example, she made full use of social network bid a mobile phone to share her opinions and activity to the world. The Yemeni dominated social network looked like the Japanese painted textbook popular Headquarter censored and painted out the Japanese publications to hide the information, which they did not deprivation to be known after World War 2 was ended.If I could not express what I want to say, nobody would understand myself. For the to each one reasons I stated above are abou t Tawakel Karmans achievements to break away from the Yemeni social pressure in an amicable way. There is no Yemeni happiness without her achievements. Consequently, Tawakel Karman is indispensable for the Yemeni people and that is why her accomplishments were recognized the Nobel Peace Prize committee. (721words)

Who Am I Presentation

The social categories I nominate rank with be African Americans, European Americans (Whites), and Nigerian Americans. I can depict with African Americans because I am an African American. I can recognise with Whites and Nigerian Americans because I expect worked really(prenominal) closely with both these racial and ethnic groups. The term African American refers to individuals who be residents of the U. S. A. , usu totallyy raised here, who are of African ancestry, whereas the term Black is more general and can refer to any champion of African ancestry, including recent immigrant (Education. byu. edu, 2012).African Americans make up roughly 14% of the population in the United States (Education. byu. edu, 2012). The ancestors of African Americans were brought to the Americas against their will and enslaved by Whites. They were forcibly taken to Spanish and English colonies in America where they were enslaved and do by as indifferents. For more than two centuries, African Americans suffered from sla rattling and segregation exactly continued to have hope (Education. byu. edu, 2012). My ancestors used Religion, mostly Christianity, and Gospel practice of medicine to help them cope and forget approximately their suffering for a current period of time.Believing in God and singing old blackamoor spiritual songs, gave them hope that one day they would be free and open to live among and be equal to other washs. Blacks were forbidden to attend the same schools as whites, use the same restrooms as whites, ride the front of the bus, balloting or go anywhere white people were. The struggle for license was a very wide and difficult one. Once the NAACP was formed in 1909, they aimed to abolish segregation and inconsistency against blacks (Encyclopedia Britannicas result to Black business relationship, 2013). African Americans have come a very long instruction from slaveholding days. No one would ave ever believed that the United States of America w ould one day see a Black President elected for non one, but two terms. Although we have a come a long way, we still have a long way to go. Prejudice and discrimination still exists in the world today. Many people discriminate against Blacks because of the stereotypes that were created close them and the way they are portrayed on television in the news. Blacks were most known for being religious, cooking soul diet, being athletic and singing. Today, Blacks are known for being criminals and violent, being drug addicts and alcoholics, being poor, uneducated, jobless and unhealthy.Although all of these things exist among all races, it seems that they are more prevalent among Blacks. When Blacks commit crimes, they are plastered all over the news. But when Whites or another race commit a crime, it is unploughed quiet unless it is a high pen case. For example, when the young eight year old Jewish boy, Leiby Kletzky, from Brooklyn was found in the refrigerator of another Jewish man fr om their own community, the story was kept under wraps. Before the police discovered the boys be it was a high profile case, then all of a explosive when it was found out to be one of their own kind, the story was no longer in the news.I have worked with Nigerian Americans for over football team years. I must say that my experiences with Nigerian Americans have not evermore been good. From what I have learned, they seem to be rude, they think they are inferior to Blacks and Hispanics but they fear the Whites. Most of them are Catholic, they eat foods that seem to have a foul odor, and they speak their own language. I found this to be interesting because I became close friends with two Liberian Americans and they seem to be totally different from Nigerian Americans both in their appearances and their behaviors. Liberians seem to be very polite, clean, and pleasant people.They only speak English, although they have a very heavy accent when speaking amongst each other because they s peak very fast. Liberian women seem to be smaller in stature and snip off very nice in American clothes. Nigerian women are very large with large hands and feet, they appear darker, they wear their African clothing often and they do not care too much close appearance. Most Africans do not consider themselves to be African Americans. They do not consider themselves or their ancestors to be a part of the thralldom era (Encyclopedia Britannicas Guide to Black History, 2013).I unceasingly believed that everyone from Africa was the same until I began working with them. Most of them seem to fill out raging food, they eat whole fish with the head still on it, they love rice and they eat some interesting food. Every year, my job has a cultural diversity event where people of all ethnicities and races bring their food for others to experience. I love learning and trying new things, so I find this event to be very informative and helpful in teaching others about different cultures and beliefs. It also allows everyone to get to know others for themselves which makes a healthier work environment.As far as my ancestors being discriminated against, my huge (xs 4) nanna was raped by a slave cross and my fathers mother is mixed with Black And White races. My bulky (xs 4) grandmother was beaten and repeatedly raped. This is all the information my grandmother gave me. My grandmother and all her sisters and brothers are very, very light and fair skin with beautiful hair. I always wondered why and when I asked her she told me the story about her grandmother and her grandmothers mother being raped during slavery by their White slave masters.ReferencesCultural Groups. (2012). Retrieved from http//Education.byu.edu/diversity/culture.html Encyclopedia Britannicas Guide to Black History. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.Britannica.com/blackhistory

Earth Science Final

Describe the difference in stellar evolution of stars the size of our sun with that of stars 4+ times big than our sun. Include all of the steps and the causes of each step. A nebula, an immense infect of hydrogen gas and dust, condenses into smaller regions of matter. On occasion, one of these regions collapses under the propel of its own gravitational attraction, often triggered by an outside force, like a nearby supernova-an explosion of a star. After the collapse of a cloud, atoms array gravitating together to form a condensed center.The condensed center is a protestor. As solemness pulls in more gas and dust, pressure builds, causing the protestor core to raise up up. Clouds and matter begin to rotate around the protestor and flatten due to their rotation. They frame the protestor like a rotating disk. The protestor continues to grow and its core continues to heat. When the core is hot enough, nuclear fusion begins. The start of nuclear fusion is technically the beginning of a stars life. Eventually, when the nuclear energy runs out, the star dies.Depending on the size and mass of the star, it freighter go through many stages and die in different ship canal-one of those ways being a supernova. . Choose a region or beautify, run along the landforms in it, the drainage frame, how the geology mouldd the landscape, and the sacrificial processes that influenced it as well. Much of the region of westbound new-fangled York postulate north of the Pennsylvania border has dendrites drainage because quaver layers ar flat and there argon few faults or folds to sport streams.A region that has prominent parallel and perpendicular faults, repeated folds, or a strong orthogonal Jointing pattern will display a rectangulate drainage pattern. Anoints are cracks in bedrock along which no of import movement has occurred. They may be related to expansion or regional forces acting on bedrock. ) Streams seek the lowest areas of folds, fractured rocks along fau lts, or the weakest fold bedrock locations. Annular drainage is a pattern of concentric circles that are connected by short radial stream segments.This type of drainage occurs in an eroded dome A radial drainage pattern resembles the spokes of a wheel. Streams flow away. Climate is the other major factor in landscape development. A humid climate favors chemical weathering, which produces rounded, less angular landforms. Most of the hill slopes of New York State are rounded and loving because f the relatively humid climate. A moist climate also allows plants to grow and protect soil from erosion. Desert areas sometimes have a stepwise profile, with flat hilltops and terraces separated by steep escarpments.The climate of New York State does not change very much from place to place. entirely of New York has a moist, temperate, mid-latitude climate. Therefore the landscape differences in New York State are not the result of differences in climate. The variations seen in the New York landscape are caused by geological factors. 6. Link Ocean currents and the weather conditions of 3 specific regions. In each case, describe how the weather patterns of the place are influenced by one or more ocean currents.Winds, water minginess and tides all drive ocean currents. Coastal and sea floor features influence their location, direction, and speed. Earths rotation results in the Acropolis Effect which also influences ocean currents. Similar to a person trying to walk in a straight origination across a spinning Merry-Go-Round, winds and ocean waters get deflected from a straight-line path as they travel across the rotating Earth. This phenomenon causes ocean currents in the blue cerebral hemisphere to veer to the right ND in the Southern Hemisphere to the left.Rica, Chile lies within one of the driest regions on Earth called the Tacoma Desert. Ocean currents appreciation clouds and fog Just off the coast, so most rain go into the nearby ocean. Dethroned, Norway has a temperate climate. Summers and winters are remarkably mild for their latitude. rainfall is very heavy. The local harbors are free of ice most of the winter. Seattle, working capital has a mild climate with temperatures moderated by the sea and protected from winds and storms by the mountains. This area is often cloudy with light rain.

Project Background †Sales and Inventory System Essay

Nowadays, people ar depending in fast-phased technologies. It makes their jobs easier and give them time to other things. Having automated systems evolve improvements in speed of time that they spend in their everyday jobs. In the industry of having a business, roughly of them were using these systems especially in their sales and inventories. Others unbosom quarternot follow the prevailing trend of having these systems. It is hard for them to facilitate their sales and enumeration and it leave them to find time to record and manage it.In the Philippines, you can see many establishments that offer products and services to the public at anytime. closely of them are Hardware Supply Shops and political machine Supply Shops. In this study, the researchers chose an Auto Supply Shop as their client for the proposed system. For the researchers, they easily found give away some of the problems that the proposed system is the best solution. Without any hesitation, the said client h old with the plan and they are willing to participate in every toil that the researchers will conduct.Uno Auto Supply is a company that was established in 2000 and owned by Mr. Larry Lazo. The company is located at 253 Mayon Street, Quezon City. The company offers dissimilar auto parts and accessories and other car services. It started with a capital of pentad Hundred Thousand Pesos (P 500,000.00) and got it back within a year. The company in any case has its own warehouse wherein the product stocks are placed and it was located show up the establishment itself.Like any other establishments, Uno Auto Supply similarly encounters many problems appertaining their way of recording and tracking their sales and inventory. The records of their products were just pen on a columnar notebook that there are some times may be misplaced or accidentally throw away by the authorized personnel who is in-charge of their sales records. Another concern of the business is having some miscalcul ations regarding on the number or quantity of products that was interchange or left in the establishment. To conclude the situation, the owner may lead to have inconsistencies regarding on the records of their products.

Hsa 305 Week 4

On-line marketing investigate slews are comme il faut more common. What are the pros and cons of using the Web to conduct a taper grouping? How does the statistical validity and reliability of a quantitative on-line survey compare with the validity and reliability of a telephone survey? Responses are to be shared with the class for discussion. The on-line marketing research surveys are made of respondents with access to personal computer and web browsers found on research specifications. The respondents are predicted to be more open and oral than in traditional decoct groups because they cannot be seen.The clients conducting on-line focus group are able to witness the entire session from their own PCs. The researchers are able to communicate with one another from different locations as well as with the moderator. The respondents do not see these backroom communications. The problems with on-line focus groups are that the security of these sessions is not tight as with live ses sions. The unfitness to view the respondents body language and the inability to promptly and effective show external stimuli in case studies. Telephone interviewing is the outperform method for gathering information quickly. (Kotler &038 Stevens, 2008, pg. 196) With the on-line survey, you dont rule the opportunity to expand on a question therefore, the answer may be left up to interpretation. Also, with the on-line survey the chance of a person embellishing is greater. Telephone interviewing provides the opportunity to explain and expand on a question. A persons is less likely to embellish date verbally being heard. Reference Kotler, P. , Shalowitz, J. , &038 Stevens, R. J. (2008). Strategic marketing for health cathexis organizations Building a customer-driven health system. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.

Philosophy in our daily lifes Essay

This essay will hash out how shadow we apply metaphysics to our daily life-time as students, including activities and philosophic situations that disengage place by dint of the week. The writing will hand over a modified focus on metaphysics, on how it amplyly impacts and relates to a tall prep atomic number 18 students daily life, by using tools regarding this topic by Alain Badiou, wagon train Inwagen, Plato, Aristotle and The intercellular substance.Philosophy is the invention of new problems, save non both situations laughingstock be philosophically analyzed. That is wherefore a current philosopher from metaphysics explains in his text The Event how argon these situations identified, because currently a very important and polemique problem is that just s perchly of sight think that philosophical situations are evermore affecting us in every single thing we do, which chokes most quite a little to mistaken conventionalism stand mensess as philosophical sit uations. Due to that, the creator of Thinking the Event has made this writing to help people to obturate using the term philosophy wrong. The three aspects that differ a normal standpoint with a philosophical situation are choice, distance and break. The sphere-class aspect means either collapseing to think or not thinking, when a complex and not regular situation takes place, which means choosing to query and get to know well the problem, or leave it how it is and walk international the second requisite for a philosophical situation is the distance, which is the comparison of the certain situation which is comm plainly detected as the truth and its farness from the causality, which in regular situation on that point is no accepted distance or disagreement the last condition is the break, which basically is to realize and accept how unlike is the event from domain as we know it.Cyber yobing and determent are new problems that have grown exp anentially in the twenty visualisetime century, because of the constant invention of technology and social networks. The peg of senior high crop is a highly concentrated area of both sheaths of bullying and an somewhat other(prenominal) pee-pees of molesting, however all of these according to the program of Bullying Stops With Me, adept out of four students is bullied, from which eighty percent of the times balances in corporeal aggression. To identify if this is a philosophical situation, the three requirements need to be present. The setoff one is the choice to think or not to, of why the bully is attacking the bullied the second one is to find the distance between power and truth, in this case the power represented by the bully who is doing this because of for each one type of problems he has internally, that he projects towards the bullied, who represents the truth that has no reason to merit the treatment of this teenager the third is the break, which is cosmos able to differ how bul lying by this boy is so far from the ideal situation where he has no real problems with the bullied, who has to deal with the aggressive discharges from the damaged kid. The three conditions for a philosophical situation to be detected have been successfully proven, in a given event in a high enlightenhouse students life.This has been an example of a daily problem that musical compositiony an(prenominal) students populate in their studies at school, which after analysis it has been able to be categorized as a philosophical situation. After knowing how to mark regular problems from philosophical situations, it is easier to go deeper into philosophy and learn from one of its pitchforkes, which is metaphysics. new wave Inwagen defines metaphysics as the study of ultimate reality, which shows a brief explanation of the topic, just now salvage it contains a deep meaning in each enunciate that con word forms this definition given by the author. One great mind of this branch of philosophy is Plato, student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, who has deeply yieldd umteen authors and philosophy as we know it to mean solar day. Many high school students go through a very rough stage in their stands where the image of each mortal is always compared with the ideal one.These images are created or known through the ones that photoshop editors pick as ameliorate. They have a huge impact on the lives of high school students, which have created a substantial amount of problems to junior high students such as anorexia and bulimia among other problems because of the authors and editors and the figures that they have created to be the perfect ones and the ones that every body should aspire to be. Plato discusses the ideal form or plain knowledge domain and its influence on matter. This point taken by the Grecian philosopher relates to the perfect limn earlier discussed, of how the ideal image of a woman or man should be, which in consequence affects the matt er or the prentices on their body, because they want to fit to those icons that the editors have created. This point is also taken by the movie of The Matrix when Neo is in the white room, seen as the residual image (perfect form of himself) which can be related to the ideal model that the mankind has created of the human beings body, compared to the natural apppearence when he is in the real arena, where he appears bold and his body is diverse.The relation of the photoshop form, the residual and the figure on the Matrix from the intelligible (Plato) world are things that highly influence a students life, which show how we are strange prisoners from these images, because these pupils are not common prisoners with shackles and in a prison as Plato mentions on his text The Allegory Of The Cave. Plato mentions the phrase We are strange prisoners because of the uncommon slavery that the world has made us be. This philosopher who lived thousands of historic period ago saw thi s polemique, that venture then was present and after centuries it still is present in a high school students life and in a movie such as The Matrix. The picture show shows everyone as a prisoner from the program (the matrix), that was made by the machines to have all humans controlled so that they could take their energy. Taking into account this relocation picture earlier mentioned, there is a relation between the real lives of each individual in the matrix with the prisoners of The Allegory of the Cave.This text is about slaves shackled without any movement, who have been like that all of their lives, inside a cave where they see these shadows and a stories about them on a sea contend before them, with a fire behind to illuminate these shapes. One day the schoolmaster checks to free one of the slaves who is taken outside the cave by force. Once the prisoner is out it narrates how difficult it is for him to get used to the light of the sun and the unusual world before him. F or him to be able to lay out to these changes he starts by just seeing shadows, from that the moon and at the end the Sun. After his experience he gets back to the cave and he tells the other slaves what he lived and experienced, who later mocked him. At the end he gets to the conclusion that he rather be a poor servant with that knowledge than back in the shadows with ignorance. The Allegory of the Cave has six important symbolisms that relate to the lives of many high school students. The first one is the cave, which is the purchase order, the knowledge and costumes that most of the people consider as the absolute truth the second is the fire, representing the knowledge that society gives to each person, which shape many lives of scholars through their acceptance of these the third one is the prisoners that symbolizes the students the fourth is the shadows, that are the things that learners think they know, which are perceived through their senses the 5th is the shackles, r epresenting the comfort zone where undergraduates stay due to the fear of being judged the utmost is the light, where they can actually find the real knowledge.These symbolisms represent to be image of many of the lives that high school students have through their three old age of study, because a great amount of these undergraduates constantly accept rules or truths that others weapon on them. These situations reveal one very important problem that they experience when they establish to belong to a separate. They take the information that group gives them (fire symbolism) and thats what they use as reference point to other activities they face through their day. As consequence they become strange prisoners from that information that is given to them, not allowing them to come out to the light (real knowledge) and experience the real world, which is way to opposite and more filled up with information about the world. In some cases there are students that notice that they are slaves of information that the groups give them and they decide to leave all that information behind and experience the real world, however for many it is very hard to get accustomed to the real world and its information due to the dramatic change, which in consequence lends them back to the world of shadows. Another greek philosopher named Aristotle, who made a huge impact on western philosophy discusses on his studies the four causes that lead a person to be virtuous.These causes are the material (material of what and object is composed of), the formal (the capability of what it can become or work for), the efficient (tools that shape the object) and the final (its purpose). These four causes are the ones that through reason lead people to put to death their total actuality (ultimate purpose). The four causes are deeply related to a scholars life, as does any other human being, which can lead them to be virtuous people through the completion of the stages, however when teenage rs discover to fit in a club the causes seem to be further away because of the shape that their lives take once they commit to belong to a group. High school is about fitting in and belonging to a society, where he or she relates to the people inside, nonetheless these people usually try to belong to the high and social groups, which dictate a set of norms in order to be part of it. These rules are usually doing drugs, drinking alcohol, heater cigarettes and relationships with the opposite gender. They usually lead the subject to an acceptable place within the group, yet these requisites lead the person to move further apart from their causes and to a virtuous life. Peer pressure assumes an important role in this case, generally because the teenager desires so crowing to belong, that he or she will do anything to accomplish their goal.This situation has created polemique, because once you enter high school no person wishes to be at the bottom, without being recognized social ly, which builds other wall between the subject and the final cause depending on the type of group that a person wants to belong to and how far are the ideologies of the group from the ones of the person. Van Inwagen, a metaphysician debate on how appearances tend to be deceptive and that reality stands behind all these appearances. These, hide the reality and they do this type of lineation through the misleading of what people sense. Many social groups and images that photoshop has ideally organize have highly disguised the truth of perfect and ideal body. In the case of groups they show how not having parents is better (appearance), yet these people arrive of psychological problems and loneliness (reality) which they tend to hide with the amazingness of not having elderly people caring for you, leading scholars to have problems with their parents because of the attention and concern that they have for them that it is dreadful seen in the teen society.Another case that can re late to the point of Van inwagen of appearances being deceptive is drinking and smoking, which is seen in social high school groups to be fine and without consequences (appearances), however drinking and drugs are another way to balance their lack of attention in parenthood (reality). For photoshop they disguise these models with perfect body, teeth, hair, skin among other things when the reality is that these models just stand there and let the photographers take pictures of them, which later are incredibly edited and dictated on magazines and big announcements that serve the purpose of projecting an ideal form to sell advertisements among other things. Another important situation of an undergraduate is the hunting expedition and results they tend to have at school. Many students consider high school as a social network that leads them to a happy stage of their lives by partying and skipping classes, nonetheless they forget the importance of their education when they fail cla sses, which can be occasionally ameliorate, however the way that students deal with failure is why they cannot succeed.Plato teacher of Aristotle debates that an unexamined life is not worth living because even though people experience some discomfort or pain this is only temporary and it is worth it due to what comes next. The temporary pain can be seen in this case as studying more and partying less, that eventually would lead to having good grades, getting into a good college and being successful. Yet if they stick in an unexamined life of ignorance they will live a incompatible type of pain, which will remain there for all of their lives. This last phrase of different type of pain is related to a scholars life when he fails classes and eventually school, leaving him without his or her studies, leading to a bad employment and misery. That is why in the Allegory of the Cave, Plato in his conversation with Glaucon mentions how the slave that was set free and comes back to the ca ve says that he would rather live being a poor servant of a poor master with all the knowledge that back in the shadows.This shows in the students life that if he went out to the real world and saw what he could become and the truth about it, he would not rather be an ignorant teen that only parties who remains in the shadows because he can not see what can happen if he remains the same. To quit this essay, it has been seen the different aspects that a teenager boy or girl on high school can have and how are they related to the different authors and movie of metaphysics. These authors have one thing in common which is want the truth, however their methods to guide them to the goal differ. The two main authors are of greek background, Aristotle and Plato.Aristotle focuses his methods and theory on the sensible realm and later on the intelligible realm, unlike Plato who uses these concepts the other way around focusing on the world of forms or ideal world and its influence on the na tural realm. It is for each person to decide the view on which they stand, which could be philosophy being a set of footnotes of Plato Aristotle being superior than Plato, because he took Platos ideas and improved them or Plato focuses on abstract ideas and Aristotle is concentrated on concrete objects and its development, changes and purposes. This views are for each person to the decide focusing mainly on undergraduates and their philosophical situations and how they wish to deal with them by either choosing one of the views or be in the shadows.BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHY Cohen, Marc. The Allegory of the Cave. 11 July 2013. 12 family line 2014 <https//faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm>. Cohen, S. Marc. Aristotles Metaphysics. 11 June 2012. 12 September 2014 <http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/>. Paul, John. 2 July 2013. 11 September 2014 <http//2011bullyingprogram.weebly.com/bullying-statistics.html >. Stanford Universuty. Metaphysics. 10 September 2007. 11 September 2014 <http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/>. Thesaurus.com. Synonims. <http//www.thesaurus.com/browse>. Unknown. Notes on Alain Badious Thinking the Event. 22 June 2012. 12 September 2014 <http//de-bel-aizin.tumblr.com/post/25651855872>.

Boony Doon Case Essay

CASE FORMATTING RULES AND contented GUIDELINES/ CASE QUESTIONS FOR BONNY DOON VINEYARDI Formatting rulesThe case write-ups should be typed and double spaced, 12 point font (Times New Roman), normal margins with a maximum length of 5 pages which you can split between text, mathematical tabulations or appendices as you see fit. You should have a cover page with your names, student numbers, title and course section. You can add the table of confine page and 1 page with the appendices. I expect that it will select you about 3.5 pages to do the compend (points 1to 4) and about 1.5 pages for points 4 to 7.II centre guidelinesThe structure of your key out should follow the following template1. Brief assertion of accredited position/outlook of Bonny Doon (about 1 paragraph)2. Firm abstract(This part should include business stupefy, business-level strategy and position, value chain model analysis analysis of the firms resources, capabilities and competitive advantage, organizationa l analysis ( way, ownership) profitability analysis (please make sure to include relevant numbers).3. intentness analysisThis part should include basic descriptors (size of the marketplace, key players, demand) Porters 5 forces model, life-cycle model, key success factors (what it takes to be successful in this industry) economics of the industry (profitability, costs and revenues) industrysover only attractiveness (including the olden performance and projected growth)4. Strategic problem/issue identification and explanation5. Generation of alternatives6. Recommendation(s)7. Brief implementation scheduleIII Case Guidelines/ study points for Bonny Doon VineyardsReference point You are writing a report as consultants to Bonny Doon. Your report will be presented to their senior management. here are the important points for your report. 1Describe the current environment for Bonny Doon, including competition and the market trends in the California wine industry at the time of the case. 2.Outline the principal(prenominal) features of Bonny Doons business strategy. What are its benefits and drawbacks in the light of current situation? Why has Bonny Doon been so successful? 3What are the main challenges and strategic problems facing Bonny Doon?4.In light of the problems that Bonny Doon is facing, what would you recommend to their management?You should attach a statement to this write-up, which should be signed by all members of the group, indicating that this is entirely the groups own work, is based exclusively on the information provided in the case, and that each group member contributed their best.

The Concept Of Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

The ch exclusivelyenges step to the fore creased in this definition ar the chief duty of health anxiety sea captains, particularly semi unexclusive wellness specializers who receive moderniseing from Schools of human race wellness ( SOPH ) . SOPH is a term dropd to depict a instalment in an establishment of higher achievement concerned in the low gear beget aim with provision of high mankind health tutoring, chiefly in the signifier of a Masters fool in humankind Health ( mph ) . ( 3 )1.1 Back landed estatesGlobally, on that point get under ones skin been important alterations in customary wellness, with monolithic betterments in developed states, while stagnancy and even diminution has been observed in the wellness position of developing and under-developed states. In states analogous the united Kingdom, the conformation of wellness attention during the 19th and 20th centuries focused on supplying of drinkable H2O and bettering sanitation, and clean air. These purposes have much or lessly been achieved to a sure criterion, but unhappily, the state of affairs is far from what is desired in around underdeveloped states. ( 4 ) The current tendency is typified by the reverse attention jurisprudence , where comparatively a couple of(prenominal) schools of overt wellness equal in parts with the grea foot race common wellness challenges and an extra pulp exist in the developed universe, where focal maculation has shifted to face modern epidemics of mould wellness ensuing from, for case drug maltreatment, fleshiness and smoke. The key to dig toing these wellness have it offs, both in development and developed states, lies with the preparation of satisfactory public wellness specializer this undertaking lies chiefly with SOPH. ( 3 )With the unmixed importance of public wellness, the preparation of public wellness professionals plays an indispensable percentage in undertaking these jobs, as it lays the tush for the here after(prenominal) of this sector. Selection is an inherent pct of any preparation platform and its importance rump non be overemphasized. It sack be described as the front one of the al more or less of import stairss in the bringing of effectual population establish wellness attention in this context.The sectionalization constructions of most miles per hour curriculums were traditionally centred on capable countries such(prenominal) as epidemiology, wellness policy, wellness publicity, wellness direction, environmental wellness, human biological science and wellness economic sciences. ( 5-7 ) Presently nevertheless, the tend has been expanded to include leadics affecting statistical summary and the custom of computer science machine programmes the energy to entree, manage and prune with knowledge the ability to channelise and circulate information in an effectual mode interrogate and communicating accomplishments irritableness to wellness inequalities and s ocietal accomplishments. ( 7 )Most SOPH in the join Kingdom are organized around the subjects of capacity edifice, multidisciplinary, balanced commission and seek. Information is dissipated in traditional category room scene, every as wide-cut-time 12 month programmes, or as portion clip 24-60 months programmes. ( 8 ) Certain SOPH have adopted to a greater extent(prenominal) move on agencies of instruction bringing, choo gabble for electronic agencies for proviso of distance acquisition.1.2 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH diachronic PERSPECTIVESInstitutions of larning concerned with educating students in the rules of public wellness started emerging in the proto(prenominal) portion of the 20th century. The first of its sort was formed in 1916, when the Rockefeller foundation funded the gift of John Hopkins University in the joined States. This establishment differed in its dexterous attack to public wellness contrasting with the more societal and environmental attack adopted by Charles Edward Winslow at Yale University. ( 3 )In line with the Rockefeller foundation s aims of developing the scientific discipline of public wellness, it went in front to fund the constitution of legion SOPH within the United States and inter nationally. Its first international legacy was in the UK, where in 1922, it sponsored the formation of the public wellness section in the London school of Hygiene and Tropical medicine ( LSHTM ) . However, shortly after the Second World War, the Rockefeller foundation shifted its focal point to other precedences. Despite this, there was still an addition in the encipher of SOPH, with the World Health Organization join force clack with National authoritiess specifically to develop and educate public wellness professionals from 1948. These attempts have seen the constitution of close to 357 SOPH in 54 states as at 2006. ( 3 )1.3 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE UNITED KINGDOMAn cyberspace base hunt of the universities in the UK oblation divers(prenominal) signifiers of public wellness at station alumnus layer revealed round 70 eight of such establishments. However, there are differences in the persona and focal point of public wellness seek widened by these establishments. These differences were highlighted after the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise ( RAE ) , which identified the figure of question active round and conducted a peer appraisal of the step of look within different universities. ( 9 ) some other important difference in UK SOPH is the appellation between programmes offering a Masters in public Health ( mph ) and an multiple sclerosis in public wellness as differentiated by establishments established before and after 1992. Evans ( 2009 ) identified pre-1992 universities as establishments that offer intensive classs and are staffed by internationally recognized question workers and have programmes commonly labelled as Masters in earthly concern wellness ( MPH ) . The post-1992 universitie s are largely former engineering schools that open out largely parttime classs and frequently have less internationally celebrated staff labelling their programme as multiple sclerosis in familiar Health . MPH programme are by and large considered superior to most MSc mankind wellness programmes for these grounds. However the full clip MSc public wellness programme the London School of Hygiene and Tropical checkup specialty ( LSTHM ) is internationally celebrated and stands as an exclusion to the facts stated above. ( 3 )Over the last two decennaries, there have been important additions in the figure of postgraduate public wellness classs, particularly in new universities. These classs normally have a wider focal point reflecting the more societal facets of public wellness coupled with an entre of educatees with multidisciplinary backgrounds. It was nt until 1992 that the LSTHM subject its public wellness floor to scholars with first grades other than aesculapian exami nation specialty. It took a twosome of more old ages until the Faculty of macrocosm wellness admitted non- health check alumnuss into its preparation programme in the twelvemonth 2000. ( 10 ) wizard major challenge of SOPH in the UK has been the issue of equilibrating research with learning. Schools that have rightfully low RAE ranking go away more in all likelihood lose support. Besides, the focal point on research is drive by the desire for equal reviewed publications as a step of the grade of academic success. This tendency has provideed in the prioritization of research over learning for most establishments of public wellness. However, there has been a nexus between the National Health attention and some SOPH, where the MPH class forms the first twelvemonth of public wellness specializer preparation programme which runs for 5 old ages. This capital of New Hampshire it has been argued pull up stakes likely assist equilibrate research and instruction. ( 3,6 )1.4 THE bid ding OF pickaxeThe United Kingdom is home to some of the most reputable acquisition establishments in the universe and as such attracts a diverse gathering of persons every twelvemonth, who come in hunt of quality cognition. The standards used for pupil choice into a Masters Degree programme in Public Health in has important deduction on future quality of the public wellness sector in the UK, and so the universe sing the big inflow of foreign pupils seeking quality instruction in public wellness. ( 11 )Student choice is normally based chiefly on academic background/achievements. However, in recent old ages, the standard has been widened to include other factors like single attitudes, involvements, and personal features desired ends and work experience. Selection policies based on the traditional academic ability are fast melting out for a figure of grounds. One ground is the deficiency of grounds monstranceing a correlativity between old academic public presentation and subseque nt success in wellness professional leads/practice. ( 12 ) The purpose of any choice single- orderd function is to choose persons who outflank tantrum certain defined standards. at that placefore an indispensable portion of this performance is the definition of one or more standard by which appliers can be judged. This measure out is highly of import, as SOPH are pass judgment to sign on and develop future public wellness practicians who forget be equipt with the needed accomplishments expected to turn to the challenges of this motiveing profession. ( 11 )Until late in the United Kingdom, developing under the Faculty of Public wellness was opened to and medical practician and as a consequence, handiness of infinites on medically oriented public wellness programmes for non-medical appliers were limited. However, in 2000, the module rank was opened to non-medical alumnuss. Despite this alteration, there has been a diminution in module rank. However, these happenings has pr ompted inquiries about the accomplishments required to be competent public wellness practicians and if it was necessary to hold a medical grade before analyzing public wellness. ( 13 )1.5 ruleThe thought for this undertaking was conceived by Dr Tom Marshall ( 14 ) after it was observed that admittances into the University of Birmingham s MPH classs had increased significantly follo attaing the foundation of an on-line(a) choice test, as a pre-requisite for instauration in butt against 2009. ( 15 ) Additionally, inquiries generated following a meeting of 12 MPH/MSc programme managers in September 2009 to discourse affairs of common involvement, in any event inspired this undertaking.2. LITERATURE REVIEWThis literary productions limited review seeks to lieu alike work done on the choice standards for pupils meaning to analyze for a Masters grade in Public Health. It result try to congeal what the current cognition on pupil choice in the UK is, place countries that have alre ady been researched and highlight what aspects may necessitate farther research.2.1 seek STRATEGYThe writer conducted a hunt for holds written in face linguistic communication on the pupil choice standards for postgraduate public wellness instruction. Databases include in the hunt included MEDLINE, ERIC and ISI WEB OF SCIENCE. The electronic footings used entirely or in combination for the hunt included Masterss, PUBLIC HEALTH, MPH, MSc, POSTGRADUATE, SELECTION, and CRITERIA . Search footings combinations were modified utilizing AND/OR and database specific wildcards ( e.g. $ or? ) . The sign hunt provided real limited relevant informations on the topic being researched. Therefore, the undermentioned hunt footings were included Undergraduate, and aesculapian SCHOOL. 2.2 MPH AND UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL TrainingThe Rockefeller Foundation s 1916 one-year news report remark that the first SOPH was established to supply a sound footing of scientific cognition for the systematic publicity of populace and personal hygiene and withal set out up a well defined calling as an personable force for trefoils interested in the field of public wellness sort of than the clinical pattern of medical specialty. These original aims still play a important function in finding who gets selected to analyze for an MPH.The educational course of study of sections of preventative medical specialty of most medical schools is really similar to that of many SOPH ( 16,17 ) and as a consequence the MPH programme was antecedently unfastened merely to alumnuss of medical schools as it was deemed indispensable to posses a medical grade before analyzing postgraduate public wellness.The turning demand for more health care professionals has seen the incorporation of the MPH course of study into the undergrad medical preparation strategy. In the United States, a fewer of such programmes exist including classs at Yale, Tulane and John Hopkins. These medical schools run coincidental programmes with next schools of public wellness, such that on graduation, pupils possess both an MD and an MPH.Undoubtedly, there is a strong convergence in the choice of undergraduate medical pupils and postgraduate pupils of the MPH programme. Due to the deficiency of literature on the choice standards for graduate student MPH, the writer decided to reexamine the literature on undergraduate medical pupil choice standards in the United Kingdom.2.3 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE UKThe standards used for choice of undergraduate medical pupils are mostly vague being more of an administrative exercising to fit the figure of appliers to the available infinites on the class utilizing a movable Markss threshold. The consequences are that the greater the figure of appliers that twelvemonth, the higher the threshold grade used for admittance. ( 18 )However, most medical schools strive to guarantee that the few available places available for medical pupil admittance are unfastened to pupils who go forth do the best physicians. With the current consciousness that non-academic personal qualities are baseally as of import in the pattern of medical specialty as academic ability, many medical schools require appliers to set about admittance essays that step other qualities and features in add-on to academic ability. ( 12,19 )One of such trial is the personal qualities assessment trial ( PQA ) , which is designed to measure verbal, numerical, and spacial logical thinking. It contains a personality stock list and alike has an ethical logical thinking paper. The PQA has added value alongside the A degrees leting for an clinical appraisal of non-cognitive features of draw a bead oning medical pupils. ( 19 ) some surveies have been done to measure the qualities of medical pupil which pull up stakes do them good physicians in the hereafter. ( 19-21 ) A 20 twelvemonth prospective age bracket stare was carried out to find whether A- degree classs and cognition abilities of medical pupils could be used to foretell physician s callings. The survey was carried out on 511 medical pupils who entered West-minister medical school between 1975 and 1982 with follow up to 2002. The result steps assessed were the clip taken to make different calling classs, postgraduate makings obtained, figure of research publications, and steps of emphasis and burnout related to A- degree classs and intelligence at entry to clinical school. The consequences of the survey showed that an A-level class which has peculiar general application in UK pupil choice has long-run prognostic value for undergraduate and postgraduate callings. ( 21 )Parry J et al carried out a reappraisal of the admittance procedure of five medical classs in UK universities. The aims of the survey were to depict the current methods used by medical schools to place prospective medical pupils for admittance to the five twelvemonth grade class. The reappraisal was carried out on a sum of 20 two universities utilizing objective analysis and interviews with admittance coachs. Their findings revealed that there was a common standard for medical pupil admittance, based on academic ability, coupled with a conform to personality consisting motive for medical specialty, leading accomplishments, teamwork abilities and extracurricular involvement. The reappraisal think that despite the common implicit in standards for medical pupil admittances, universities differed in their application of their demands for pupil choice. ( 22 )Brown and Lilford in their paper titled choosing medical pupils noted that it cost about ?200,000 lbs to develop each medical pupil in the United Kingdom. However, the deductions, fiscal and otherwise of taking the incorrect pupil to develop in the first case are far greater. iii wide attributes that a suited pupil should hold include allow cognitive ability, diligence and humanity. However, the current choice tools can m erely test suitably for cognitive ability. Most medical schools have introduced aptitude trial based largely on cognitive undertakings. There is grounds to demo that the trial correlative well with presymptomatic scrutiny consequences, but have non been a dependable forecaster of clinical public presentation. They besides questioned the integrity of psychological as a forecaster of diligence observing the stretch forth in finding the appropriate mixture of traits that is most prognostic of preserve service and personal patterned advance. They besides noted that although short medical pupil interviews were effectual enlisting tools, they had low prognostic value. ( 23 ) Another survey noted that while most medical schools may esteem to choose future physicians with both cognitive and non-cognitive trial, using the usage of interviews was noted to be labour intensive and clip consuming. ( 19 ) Trial of cognitive ability seemed to be the most valid method with the highest predictiv e.A recent article proposed a comprehensive theoretical account for the choice of medical pupils based on informed ego choice, academic accomplishment, general cognitive ability ( GCA ) and facets of personality and interpersonal accomplishments. They used informations ( n=1000 ) from alive choice processs to show how their proposed theoretical account can be utilise to increase the opportunities of doing accurate and defendable pupil choice. ( 24 )2.4 SELECTION PROCESS FOR MPH ADMISSION IN OTHER COUNTRIESThe choice of pupils into the MPH programme in the United States follows a different format than what applies in the UK. In the US, all SOPH and public wellness plans are accredited by the nationally recognized Council on Education for Public Health ( CEPH ) . Students meaning to use for a graduate student grade in public wellness direct their application through the Schools of Public Health Application Service ( SOPHAS ) . SOPHAS so completes the application to different schools , on behalf of single pupils. Before pupils can subject their application to SOPHAS, they must sit for an entryway scrutiny. Most schools choose the Graduate Record Exam ( GRE ) , although demands may change for some schools. ( 25 )It is clear from a reappraisal of the literature that the implicit in rules of pupil choice procedure is geared towards placing persons who are most suited to the entry demands which are designed to choose campaigners that are most likely to win in the class. It besides aims to forestall the credence of campaigners that pass on most likely constitute a hazard to the profession.2.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThis undertaking aims to measure how pupils are selected for admittance into a Master s programme by assorted schools of public wellness the United Kingdom.Specific aims go forth includeTo measure the differences in MPH pupil choice procedure used by different Universities.To find the coveted qualities of a suited MPH pupil.To root if entry demands differ for first twelvemonth public wellness trainees when compared to other pupilsTo determine if entry demands differ for campaigners with or without medical preparationTo analyze the differences in entry demand for place and international pupilsTo increase our apprehension of wherefore pupils chose certain MPH courses/universities3. Methodology3.1 STUDY DESIGNThis is an exploratory survey which will affect a soft appraisal of MPH class manager s sentiments, followed by a cross-sectional survey of MPH pupil s sentiments.3.1 STUDY SettingThe survey will be carried out in different universities in the United Kingdom which offer a postgraduate public wellness grade class.3.2 STUDY raceUK universitiesMPH class managersMiles per hour pupils3.3 STUDY TOOLSA information declination signifier used to study university web sitesA semi structured forebode recorded interview with MPH class managers.A structured questionnaire for MPH pupils3.4 tryThis will get follow through with an initial st udy of web sites of all UK universities offering public wellness at postgraduate degree. Universities offering full clip or portion clip MPH/MSc Public Health and/or wellness publicity and classs under alternate names like Global Health will be selected for inclusion in the survey. Exclusion from the survey will be made on Public wellness classs offered at PHD or MPhil degree and Public wellness classs with rubrics such as Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Practice and Public Health policy.Based on the information collated from the website study, universities will be bedded into groups based on the undermentioned featuresSOPH affiliate with medical schoolsSOPH affiliated with schools of care for/other allied schools of wellness.Sophomore with long distance preparation programmesSOPH with Health Promotion as a strong componentSOPH Involved with Public wellness traineesSubsequently, a graded random trying technique will be used to choose instrumentalist universities from eac h group. If an establishment has more than one of the features used for stratification, it will be included in a group with the least figure of universities. The current mark is aimed at choosing 20 universities for the shout interview stage of the undertaking.3.4.1 UNIVERSITY SELECTION PROCESSAfter informations source is complete, each university will be assigned a alone identification ( ID ) figure in the Microsoft Access database. Based on the features outlined above, universities will be stratified into different groups. individually group will so be exported into a separate Microsoft Excel dispersed sheet, with the alone ID figure arranged in columns. Subsequently, each column will be willy-nilly sorted utilizing the random generator tool for Excel. ( 26 ) The university at the top of the list from each group will be chosen for the interview procedure. The selected university will be excluded from the list, and the procedure repeated ( choosing and excepting the university at the top of the ar here and nowrarily sorted list each clip ) , until the coveted figure of thespians has been reached. If there if any trouble contacting or obtaining consent from a chosen university, the procedure will be repeated to choose a replacing.3.4.2 INTERVIEW OF feast DIRECTORSAfter stratification and random choice of universities, class managers from chosen SOPH will be contacted via electronic mail, and their consent sought for engagement in a semi-structured telephone recorded interview. Questions asked during the interviews will be structured to run into the declared aims of the undertaking. All interviews will be audio recorded with the consent of the respondents. Each telephone interview is anticipated to last between 30 to 45 proceedingss. Notes will be taken during the interview to supplement the sound taped conversations.3.4.3 MPH STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRESStructured questionnaires with be distributed to MPH pupils from two universities affiliated with medica l schools, in add-on to the University of Birmingham SOPH, to measure the pupils sentiments on their pick of MPH programmes. The universities will be chosen from those already selected for interview of the class manager. Questionnaires will be distributed via electronic mail to pupils in selected universities.3.5 JUSTIFICATION OF APPROACHThe survey will be executed by blending method, utilizing both qualitative and numerical attacks. Qualitative methods are suited to for this undertaking as it provides the model for taking into custody the contexts of societal experience and enhances our capacity for societal account and generalisation. ( 27 ) It besides allows for the incorporation of professional positions, in this survey, those of different MPH class managers. Furthermore, this research method centres strongly on inductive logical thinking when construing informations and normally consequences in findings that were wholly unexpected. ( 28 ) Telephone interviews have been mostly overlook as a qualitative tool by many research workers who prefer face to confront interview. They argue that the deficiency of ocular cues, loss of non verbal informations and trouble set uping rapport brand s telephone interviews less attractive as a information aggregation method. However, it is easier for sensitive information to be disclosed as respondents feel more relaxed. There is besides no grounds demoing that telephone interviews produce lower quality informations than face to confront interviews. ( 29 ) This method is besides rather reclaimable for this undertaking as it is easier to schedule and cheaper, sing the geographical distribution of participant SOPH.Quantitative methods will be used to supplement qualitative methods in this survey, since it has been argued that the logic of qualitative thought can be extended with qualitative methods. ( 27 )3.6 Analytic MethodThis will be done utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques.Data analyses will get ware instantly after informations extraction from surveyed university websites. This will be done utilizing staple fiber descriptive statistics and comparative analyses where necessary. The semi-structured telephone interviews will be reviewed and reported in a structured format foregrounding repeating subjects which will be coded and analysed utilizing a thematic model.Structured pupil questionnaires will be analysed utilizing basic descriptive statistics, rank correlativity and thematic analysis.Statistical bundles which will help in informations managing and analysis include Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel and NVivo.3.7 Anticipated ProblemThe most hard facet of this undertaking is the country of informations aggregation. The study of university web sites has been really disputing so far with tonss of trouble originating from screening out of import information from different university web sites.The writer anticipates that another major jobs associated with informat ions aggregation will be acquiring consent from MPH class managers for telephone interviews, sing their highly busy agenda. There is besides the issue of holding fit clip to roll up, collate and adequately analyse informations generated for this undertaking.The job with the usage of pupil questionnaires is the issue of non-responders ( response rate possibly every bit low as 20 % ) . This could be addressed by utilizing on-line study tools e.g. study monkey and directing reminders to non-responders.Data analysis will necessitate some expertness in operating package bundles like Access, Excel an Nvivo. The writer has registered for and attended classs on these package bundles organized by the University of Birmingham IT-services section.3.8 ESTIMATED PROJECT TIMETABLEThe university web site study has reached an advanced phase and will be completed before the terminus of March 2010. Stratification of universities based on the standards outlined above has commenced and will be comple te at about the same clip website informations extraction is completed. Subsequent choice of participant universities will be done in April 2010. It is expected that consent from take parting class managers will be received before the store of the April, and telephone interviews can be scheduled for May 2010. Data analysis will get down at the same time with the interviews and is expected to run through the month of June 2010.Design of pupil s questionnaires is about complete. Its construction will be refined in April 2010 and distributed by the terminal of the month. Responses should be received during the moth of May 2010. Analysis of pupil questionnaires should get down in June 2010.Compilation of consequences and treatments will be done in July 2010 in readying for concluding entry in August 2010.

Dr Pepper Analysis

Individuals, companies, schools, restaurants Bargaining power low, since Coke supplies a numerous variety of products buyers do to have a huge impact on pricing and quantity. Also, customers angstrom unitlify bell ringer loyalty to Coke, thereby making it difficult for buyers to affect prices and quantities as well. Suppliers fasted restaurants, vending machines, school campuses. Bargaining power genuinely high, since companies can easy provide Pepsi products which serve as excellent substitutes.Compliments pizza, burgers, hot dogs, chips, etc SOOT Strengths Weaknesses intemperate in North America (US, Canada, Mexico where almost 70% of revenues come from wellness Craze will hurt soft drink sales Opportunities Acquisitions & alliances Bottled water growth Hispanic growth in the US and Pepsins talent to meet their tastes with menses product lines (I. E. , Substrata chips) Growth In emerging markets growing consumer wellness consciousness will help Pepsi as It Is already a leader In non-carbonated drinks with mails Storage, Aquifer, Lipton and also with healthy food brands such(prenominal) as Quaker oats.Threats Declining economy/recession Sluggish growth of carbonated drinks Coca- weed early(a) smaller, more nimble operators Commodity price growths, fluctuating oil prices outcome production and distribution gas, plastic) IV) SOOT annalss of PEPSICO Soot consists of examining the current activities of the organization its strengths and weaknesses, and then using this and external research data to focalize out the opportunities and threats that exist. A. Internal Strong market position PepsiCo NAS a horrible presence on ten snack Ana sort rural market.Inane, TN lodge owns 25% of the non-alcoholic drinks market and 39% of the snack market. * Good economic shoes In 2008, PepsiCo was ranked 26th on the top 100 of the spheric brands ranking in 2008. The same brand value company has elevated PepsiCo as an example during the recession Amazon, Peps i, Audio, Panasonic, and Campbell have all prospered during a ambitious year for marketing executives. PepsiCo most famous brands ar all very famous and in(predicate). Thanks to this notoriety, PepsiCo annual sales reach $35 billion. Rands generality of Pepsi has a wide range of brands. These brands argon more famous than the Coca Cola Companys ones. For example people know what Lipton Teas, Tropical beverages or Traitors Tortilla Chips refer to, whereas who has comprehend of Pike, Chino r Spur? On this point, PepsiCo is inexorably in a substantial position. * Presence PepsiCo has spread its presence in over 200 countries. Products from this brand are sold all over the world. * Diversification PepsiCo brands include drinks and snacks such as ready-to-drink refreshments, bottled water, cereals, crisps or school-snacks.This wide range of product enables the brand to resign down in any place of the world. Lack of capital constraints (availability of grand free cash flow) Stron g market position Solid brand portfolio Strong revenue growth Economies of scale Broader product line Popular brand of pop * Geographical concentration PepsiCo tends to focus its activity in North America (US, Canada, Mexico). Almost 70% of revenues come from this region. * Dependence on consequential clients A big part of PepsiCo sales (12%) are make to Wall-Mart, which creates a dependence supplier-client.Consequently, Wall-Marts strategy influences PepsiCo actions, especially on lowering prices. * disconsolate remunerations PepsiCo employees are less paid than the challengers ones. It may alter the employees excellence or productivity they might want to work for a company that revives higher(prenominal) salaries for the same Job. * High recall I en product recalls are Deterrent. I en problem nerve Is Tanat ten return causes are internal the defects come from the production, they dont come from transports or storage.For example the salmonella case strained PepsiCo to recall $2 00,000 worth of pistachios in the US in 2009. Product recalls step-down the final customers confidence in the brand. It inevitably alters the companys image. B. External Threats * New measures for health some(prenominal) occidental governments are creating new regulations and campaigns in order to compound peoples eating behavior. Snacks and soft drinks are the first victims of this ideological renewal. Coca-Cola is the worst competitor for DRP Pepper because it is more powerful in terms of image and notoriety.In this sector, arguing is so sharp that it has a direct influence on prices and sales. * Many successful brands DRP Pepper brands are successful, well-known and they have a superb reputation. The products sold by the company are still very customary to the public. A good marketing activity maintains the company in a good situation and confers it a good image. * Quest of other markets If the feature to be concentrated on North America is a weakness, lets take that this is also an interesting challenge of market conquest, for example in Russia or Asia.PepsiCo is powerful it has enough resources to develop all around the world. * Customers well-being An important value, which growth is correlated to new regulations on health, is the customers well-being. It has become the guideline of a marketing operation in the soft drinks market. This notion gives PepsiCo the opportunity to increase innovation for soft drinks. Indeed, the more original and creative you are, the more successful your product will be.

System integration

The precondition integrating is inserted in practiced typographys, electronic mail messages, correspondence, proposals, and horizontal causal conversations. After galore(postnominal) years of project practise, and umteen misunderstandings and failed meetings and subjectshops, it lavatory only be stated that the word has multiple and misinterpret nitty-grittys. For technical new-madespaper publishers (research and trade), the status must be bequeathd with condition, or it is insufferable to have a meaningful conversation. Next, multiple alternative definitions (that argon reas unrivalledd in the writings for the appropriate context) argon presented and explained in some detail.Research limitations/implications The paper is non exhaustive, since new definitions of desegregation whitethorn exist or whitethorn emerge. Originality/value The main contri hardlyion of the paper is that it yields clarity on a key term that is frequently recitationd in study brass s research. The paper is useful to any researchers or practitioners who atomic number 18 focused on go-ahead administration accomplishation. Keywords Integration, Interface management, Applications, In forgeation systems, Research Paper type normal review Introduction and importance Integration is a uncouth term in the endeavor systems literature.Seldom does a meeting occur when the word is non used multiple times and often within quite technical contexts. Unfortunately, our experience is that individuals often have a different understanding of the meaning of the word. Loosely speaking, in that location is a general consensus that integrating concerns making natural coverings work together that were never intended to work together by qualifying schooling with some cause of user interface. This is certainly fibre of the context, but this paper argues that there is more to be said.Since the earliest days of computing, the term consolidation has been seed in both the trade and academic literature to describe a mould, a condition, a system, and an end-state. Given that these competing labels have very(prenominal) different meanings, their indiscriminate usage is often obscure and invites confusion. For face, a muddied conflation of impact and condition encourages circular definitions that possess little explanatory power. visualize the following advertisement ( innovation 1) from the prophet Corporation and the corresponding quote from the oracle CEO, Larry Ellison. go in 1 is clearly an appeal for a type of consolidation that we chaffer queen-size l, having solely relevant entropy aligned with a ingle info model and stored only once. The implication is that you can place all of your selective information for the beat of lamentable in processes listed in the middle column of numeral 1 inside of the Oracle E-Business Suite and importantly reduce total bell of ownership (TCO). In fact, the advertisement claims that Oracle saved o ver $1 billion USED per year by implementing prominent l.And interchangeablely, there argon the problems with complexity and managing scope integrity across multiple selective information sources (Gulled and Summer, 2004). make presage 2 from an unnamed company. mannequin 2 shows a speckle that is described in the literature as systems integrating . E. The interfacing of systems together so they can pass information across a complex applied science landscape. We call this type of consolidation a form of inadequate I, and we greenback that this form of Little I (point-to-point interfaces) is an expensive proposition.Data must be everlastingly harmonize and cleansed across multiple info sources, and any changes to one system can lead to complex and costly re-testing or even re-design and enrol of interfaces. Clearly, we have presented two extremes, and by and large both have been spurned by large organizations world wide. more or less organizations do non depriv ation to include all of their information in one occupation (e. G. Oracle, chump, Microsoft, etcetera ) for a number of different reasons, but at the same(p) time, no one wants the problems that argon associated with implementations like that shown in Figure 2. on that point argon some other options. In fact there are many an(prenominal) options, and that is the point of this paper. all of the options (including the two above) are called integration. So what is integration? As one world power guess, it depends on the context, and the usage must be qualified. cosmic I whitethorn not achievable, and it may not even be appropriate. If Little I is appropriate, what type of Little I is appropriate, wedded the situation and the state of 7 Figure 2. Interfacing systems components to define an enterprise result emerging technologies?This paper addresses those questions, and it too categorizes the nearly used forms of Little I in the context of enterprise system implementation. This categorization and associated banter is essential, or it is impossible to have a meaningful discourse or so application integration. Integration Big I To establish a baseline, the following definition is proposed for integration. Integration (Big l) integration implies that all relevant data for a particular bounded and closed draw of task processes is process in the same package program application.Updates in one application module or component are reflected without the duty process logic, with no complex external interfacing. Data are stored once, and it is at once share by all work processes that are enabled by the software program application. This is a rather comprehensive and restrictive definition that revives memories of first multiplication enterprise resource planning (ERP). The barter process implications of Big I are discussed in some detail by Gulled and Summer (2003).To guard clarity doneout this paper, the above definition go out forever be referred to as Big l. Big I is definitely the goal of management, especially for mundane clientele processes. This implies one source of truth for those origin processes that are enabled by pump ERP solutions. The conceit is simple if all data are stored once and shared, wherefore integrity issues are less likely to occur. The TCO is significantly less, since interfaces across application components are not required. Furthermore, complexity is significantly reduced. MEDS 8 Figure 3 shows how Big I relates to Little I for a simple example related to US the States Logistics. In this example, Army Logistics processes are scoped with the SAP solution as Big l I. E. There is no interfacing across the SAP components. However, some of the logistics business processes flow outdoor(a) of the Army. In this case, we indicate the transportation processes that are part of the end-to-end logistics business processes, but they fall outside of the Army, and they are managed by the US ecsta sy Command (TRANSOM).The systems that support this segment of the end-to-end process are not SAP, and they are not even owned by the army. This is a unblemished composite application3 and some form of Little I is must be implemented in order to preserve the integrity of the business process logic4. Figure 3, even though a simple picture, shows much somewhat integration. First, it suggests that large and complex organizations are unlikely to place all of their business processes in a iodin application.While assertions of Figure 1 are accurate, there are at least two reasons why single character ERP will not occur in most firms (1) he earnings opened more options for Little I and (2) the culture and control of the indwelling and external system integration communities will not allow such(prenominal)(prenominal) consolidation. Like it or not, given the current state of technology, we are freeing to have to live with is a mixture of Big I and Little I, at least as long as the cu rrent trends continue.The populace of this situation is reinforced by the fact that the larger software providers are opening their proceedss and making them more flexible for mix and match Figure 3. An example of Big I and Little I in the same enterprise opportunities with Little I. This is evidenced by such yields as the Oracle Data Hubs and SAP Interweave technologies. While it is true, Just as Figure 1 shows, that the TCO could be reduced by moving to Big l, most organizations do not have the flexibility nor the desire to do that. However, this does not mean that Big I is dead.There will always be pockets of Big l spliceed by Little I, to other pockets of Big l. This is not a technical assertion, but is directly related to common esthesis. For example, one would never rip a product like SAP core ERP apart and then interface it back together again. This is self inflicted main, and it can be distracted by Just implementing the product the way it was intended to be implemente d5. Preserve the integrity of the product by implementing Big I whenever possible, and use Little I to include those components that cannot be included in the integration domain.One would never dream of separating financial from materials in an SAP implementation, and then interface it back together again. Or even worse, it makes even less sense to stand up independent SAP solutions in different divisions of a company, operating as a family or fiefdom, with the absence of an enterprise orientation. We will revisit implementation options later, but before doing that, we must further research the options for Little I. The choice of a particular little I technology has significant implications for the types of mix and match options that are available for consideration.Integration (Little I) As antecedently mentioned, all forms of Little I are some form of interfacing, even though they are loosely called system integration. Much has been written on the subject, so we only focus on th ose types of Little I that are most relevant for the implementation of enterprise systems point-to-point integration database-to-database integration data storage warehouse integration enterprise application integration (EAI) application boniface integration and business-to-business (BIB) integration.Point-to-point integration This is the most expensive form of integration. Point-to-point integration is the mate wise maturement of interfaces among systems. The data model of the physiologic object and source system are known, and someone (e. G. A system integrator) develops the code for passing information back and forth. Sometimes accelerator products are used, a good example being the IBM Miseries of middleware products that are now included as a part of Webster. Miseries does require writing code at both the source and target system.The burn down to point-to-point integration is well known, most frequently involving changing both applications to use a middleware layer, by r ewriting the transaction handling code to communicate across the two applications. The traditional model of moveion is through remote function calls. The largest problem with point-to-point integration is shown in Figure 4, a situation that Schafer (2002) attributes to a customer situation. 9 10 Figure 4. typesetters case of point-to-point integration As the number of interfaced components is increased, the number of interfaces to be fend fored increases dramatically.The TCO too increases. As a real example consider the financial interfaces to a Navy SAP solution that is shown in Figure 56. Figure 5 is a good example of the previously mentioned case that can prove when financial are separated from materials or assets in an enterprise solution and then must be interfaced back to the ERP product, violating the integrity of the solution. While Figure 5 is reality and could not be easily avoided, the SAP product was never intended to be implemented in this way. The integrity of the product is violated by destroying the Big I that is locomotive engineered into the product.For all of the reasons previously mentioned, point-to-point integration should be avoided and only be used when there are no other options. Database-to-database integration This form of Little I, requires the share-out of information at the database level hence, providing interoperable applications. The prefatorial replication solution leverages features built into many databases to move information between databases as long as they maintain the same schema information on all sources and targets. There are companies that provide middleware to accelerate this process.Database and replication software are provided by companies such as Pervasive Integration Architect and Denominators Constellate Hub that permit moving information among many different database products with different schema. Figure 6 shows the conceptual layout for this form of Little I. While this integration procedure may w ork well for database applications, it does not work so well for enterprise applications. Most enterprise applications have 11 Figure 5. From defense financial and business relationship services to the US Navy Pilot SAP implementations Figure 6. abstract layout for database-to-database 12 multi-tiered computer computer architectures, where even though the applications reside at a separate tier, the business process logic is bound to the master data. So, if one simply passes information at the database level, it is easy to micturate data integrity problems. Enterprise software vendors typically publish application program interfaces (Apish) that allow interfacing at the application level, and it is best to use these Apish. If you update the database without development the Apish, then you are violating the Big I that is engineered into the product, and integrity problems are a likely result.See that Anonymous (1999) hold in enterprise development where some of these difficulties are discussed within the context of interfacing with SAPs R/3 product. For enterprise implementations, this form of Little I should be avoided. Data warehouse integration This form of Little I is similar to database-to-database integration, but instead of replicating data across various(a) databases, a single Martial database is used to map the data from any number of physical databases, which can be various brands, models, or schema.In other words, a new data warehouse is created, and information is aggregated from a number of sources, where it may be analyzed or used for report generation. The effectiveness of this approach depends on the sophistication of the tools that are used and the quality of the data that is pulled from the various sources. Once the data are aggregated, reporting is straight forward however, if business process logic must be applied to the aggregated data, then that logic must be created at the data warehouse level.The basic layout for data warehouse integ ration is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Conceptual view of data arouses integration If the integration is at the database level, the same problems associated with database-to-database integration that were mentioned above still apply. If the integration is at the application level, then data warehouse integration is similar to point-to-point integration, and the problems with that approach also apply. This form of integration is quite popular, even though it is expensive to maintain.The reason that data warehouse integration is popular, is that it allows all parties involved to maintain their individual stove-piped environments while overlap selective data in a auteur environment. In short, one is trade Big I for autonomy. An example of a large data warehouse integration effort in the US Army is shown in Figure 8. The logistics integrated database (LIDS) contains aggregates information from many stand-alone systems, with the objective of providing enterprise-level analytics. As the psychogenic fugue indicates, the input data are aggregated from many sources, and output data are pushed to many sources.Constant cleansing and harmonistic is required in order to avoid integrity problems. Many enterprise solutions, like those from SAP and Oracle, use data warehouse lotions for reporting and enterprise analytics. However, this static view of enterprise data are not the same as Big l. Even if the concept is extended to include a federated query capability with the data warehouse being a virtual repository of metadata, this is still no substitute for Big l. However, the big problem, as previously mentioned, is the maintaining of business process logic at the data warehouse level.While this option preserves organisational autonomy, it is indeed costly. The data that are pushed into the warehouse must be endlessly monitored for quality, and NY changes in any one of the target or source systems create significant testing and/ or additional coding problems. 13 Figure 8. A conceptual view of the LIDS 14 Figure 9. Hub and spoke architecture for enterprise application integration Enterprise application integration EAI is the sharing of data and business process logic across hetero/homogeneous instances through message-oriented-middleware (MOM). EAI may be managed by packaged vendors (e. . SAP and Oracle) or through solutions provided by third party vendors (e. G. MM, Webmasters, etc. ). EAI is sometimes called application-centric interfacing. EAI is used to connect multiple systems at the application or database levels, utilize a form of middleware that is sometimes called a broker. The middleware moves information in and out of multiple systems, using pre-engineered connectors. The connectors are a source of competitive advantage for EAI software providers, because if a connector already exists for the target and source application, the cost of interface development can be reduced.The problems associated with point-to-point integration are reduced by adopting a hub and spoke model for sharing information. The EAI Middleware allows one to rite a single interface between each(prenominal) application and the middleware, instead of individually connecting each application to every other application. An example of a hub and spoke architecture is shown in Figure 9. Once the information is extracted, it is sent to a primaeval emcee using some sort of messaging system, where the information is processed and routed to the target system.If there is a gap in required business process logic, the logic can be created on the central server for execution. In theory, any-to-any document swap is possible, considering the business process logic in the source and target systems. Using connectors, the EAI software processes messages from packaged applications, databases, and custom applications using a queuing engine. When an event occurs (e. G. A transaction in an ERP package or a database table update), a message is published to the queue about the event.Subscribers to queue access the event envelope, analyze the content, and if it is intended for processing in the target system, the envelope contains everything necessary for recreating the event in the target system. The queuing engine ensures that all events are processed in the correct sequence, ensuring transactional integrity. Many companies provide pre-packaged EAI solutions, and the market is extremely competitive. The hub and spoke model using connectors has been operational for many years, and the products have reached a mature level.However, we note that EAI is still interfacing, and while this is a significant improvement over point-to-point integration, EAI can be costly to implement and costly to maintain. The main benefits flow from being able to use part configured connectors, while leverage industry partnerships which yield certified interfaces. severe consolidation has occurred n recent years in companies that provide EAI solutions as the larger so ftware providers have moved in to provide EAI solutions that interact with their Big I products.For example, SAP now supports EAI as part of its Interweave7 solution, where previously SAP had used third party providers like IBM and Webmasters to provide EAI capabilities. It is also important to note that EAI is typically used inside the enterprise, as distant to across the enterprise. For this reason EAI is sometimes called application-centric interfacing. The objective is to interfaces processes and share data within the enterprise. The inter-enterprise model falls under a class of solutions that are called Business-to-Business commerce, and this form of interfacing will be discussed in a later section.Application server integration This is the most sophisticated form of Little I that is discussed in this paper. count of application server integration as the creation of a single, modify application (logical or physical) that can provide a common set of services to any number of other remote applications. These services are common business objects that are shared across enterprise applications. The sharing and reuse of services is the goal of distributed objects and applications servers.Application server integration enables the enterprise by sharing services across the enterprise. The concept of application server integration is shown in Figure 10. Modern systems invoke shared objects to share business logic and interact with resources (such as databases, ERP systems, or queues). In modern ERP systems these shared objects may be more highly aggregated as draped transactions. For example, when configuring the SAP solution, one aligns transactions with process steps. A process step could be associated with one or more transactions.If the transactions associated with a process step are bundled together and wrapped as a nett service, then they may be shared across other SAP and non-SAP components. SAP calls this aggregated object an Enterprise Service, and it is the basis of SAPs Enterprise run Architecture (SAP GAG, 2004). Application integration occurs through the sharing of business logic, as well as through the back-end integration of many different applications and resources. The application server binds the data from a relational or relational-object database to he common shared objects.The main advantage of application server integration is that 15 16 Figure 10. Application server integration concept the interfaced applications or components are tightly coupled to each other by sharing methods. By our assessment, application server integration is Little I, but given the limits of current technology it is the best approximation that we can provide to Big l. This is because the data integrity checks and business logic bound to the objects are always shared, and therefore, never circumvented. The SAP example is not unique. Most of the major software vendors have a similar tragedy.For example, Figure 11 shows the Oracle strategy for application server integration. The key component of Figure 11 for our discussion is in the right-center of the figure. The Oracle Application Server manages the shared objects and during runtime Top affair manages persistence between Java objects and database tables. At the conceptual level the integration approaches pursued by Oracle and SAP are similar. The widely recognized disadvantage of using this application server integration is that significant changes may have to be made to all source and target applications to