Arguments For And Against A Deterrence Justification Criminology Essay

Arguments For And Against A Deterrence confession Criminology EssayThe caprice that penalisation requires nigh sort of exceptification is because it is seen to request few of infliction of suffering or pain (Bentham, 1789, p 45) and as a import can only truly be reassert if its consequences argon checked to be beneficial (Bentham, 1789, p 45).The idea of warnrence is to bankrupt individual(a)s clotheting further offences, known as individual rejectrence simply to besides by admonishring potential wrongdoers within the community from committing a similar offence. Zimring and Hawkins (1973, p 40) arouse this to be known as popular deterrence, and works on the basis that penalty such(prenominal) as prison sentences deters condemnables due to the caution of the penalisation (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 300).Punishment is hoped to achieve particular civilises by implementing unlike theories of sentencing, depending on the sentencing policy leave alone depe nd on the eternal sleep amongst six different theories. Within deterrence possibility, offenders and potential offenders must be evaluated, and it must be decided as to what will make an impaction on them. The idea of deterrence aims to make potential offenders think closely their actions and the credibly consequences of them (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 240). Therefore it could be seen that deterrence approaches supply smallish concern with the abrasiveness of the detestation committed, but more(prenominal) so with the prevention of the crime cosmos committed again, and could indeed be seen by some as ignoring the business of crime (Ashworth, p 1078).However, deterrence is not continuously designed to punish people as yet, but to stop those committing further offences, counselling on how actions will affect their time to come doings (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p, 249), and this can be seen through absolute discharges for example, the idea to act as a w arn to not commit a further offence or they will be punished (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 249).This is a similar idea to what is apply in everyday life theory underpinning a threat issued to get along people to comply with rules or refrain from infringing them (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 245). A problem arises however, when deciding what is expected to deter others, Bentham (1789, p 1079) and more recently walker (1991, p 1079) call down that an appropriate action to be setting penalties to let ondo the benefits of committing an offence, however this relies on the premise that those who commit crime atomic number 18 perspicacious thinkers and that atomic number 18 responsible for their actions. This premise however, causes conflict as to whether or not criminals atomic number 18 in fact luculent within their actions or whether crime is in fact an act of impulse.Early examples of deterrence, such as the Panopticon, as designed by Bentham (1971, p 26) suggest ed a circular, tiered building with in near looking cells, towards a central inspection tower, to promote the idea that behaviour within prisons would be regulated as prisoners would not know if they were universe watched and thitherfore would behave. The idea also existence that the Panopticon would be placed adept a city centre, so it would be seen as a monitor to the community of the consequences of crime thus reinforcing the idea of world(a) deterrence.In some circumstances deterrence approaches have appeared to work, Ross et al (1970, p 68) suggested that after the foundation of the Breathalyzer in 1967, and taking into account other external factors, describe a drop in all road casualties.Similarly, Condon (1994, p 246) account that after a high number of fatalities on roads in West London, after speed cameras were introduced, these fatalities were reduced by one third. However, these studies are examples of offences which may be more likely to be thought about, on th e basis that the probability of being caught may be deemed to be high, or linked to the consequences of their actions and the value that someone places on holding a license.The menage Office (1990, p 296) suggested that although some criminals appear to be reason and balance risk and gain, much crime conducted is acted upon impulse and therefore would be fantastic to construct a sentencing system designed to deter, on the basis that closely would not think about the consequences in advance. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 246) also suggest that the most serious of criminal acts are often not reason and therefore many would not consider getting caught.However, others disagree, and deliberate that not all crimes are random, and it is likely that calculations about the likelihood of being caught are likely to weighed up, and as a result may well deter some people from the decision to commit an offence, but this would require noteworthy measurement of why some people decide to act or not act with criminal intent (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 300)Von Hirsh and Ashworth (1993, p 296) account that new law stated that the primary purpose for the sentencer should be with the aim of desert, rather than deterrence.If the idea that crime is based on criminals being calculating and balancing the options of risk and gain, then therefore punishment should not be pre-determined, but should vary on what offenders consider to be a non-desirable punishment in order to deter them, therefore their punishment need be flexible, and this may not be seen to be fair or just but should be seen to be heart and soulive and suit the notion that anything should be done (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 246).It could also be seen that the idea of individual and general deterrence to be in conflict, if the idea of punishment is to punish on the basis of what deters an individual from re- offend then this may not be what would deter other potential offenders from committing a similar offence in the first-year instance. By implementing differential sentences then this reflects the view to change individual behaviour, but to deter the public, and therefore potential offenders sentences need to be fixed and reliable regardless of age or circumstances (Wilson and Hernstein, p 34).Akers (1997, p 40) suggests that matter of course of getting caught is more effectual in deterring crime than the severity of punishment, however as Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 299) suggest that as only 2% of crimes result in a conviction, the assumption is that people are likely to deem the chances of being punished very low, therefore as Akers (1997, p 40) suggest if punishment is less certain, punishment must be more intemperate in order to deter in order for people to believe that they have more to lose than gain from committing a crime. Beyleveld (1978, p 40) agrees with Akers, that punishment should be increased to maintain effective deterrence, and suggests that th e only look to deter different people with varying offences and circumstances is to set punishment out of proportion with the severity of the crime.However, Wright (1982, p 40) suggests that this may just encourage criminals to turn in harder to avoid detection for their crimes and that punishment should fit the crime.On the other hand, Beadau (1964, p 40) and Beyleveld (1979, p 40) have both suggested that the abolishment of the death penalty had no impact on the murder rates in the USA and UK respectively. Therefore, the severity of punishment could be seen to have pocketable impact on the offending rates, and that other factors must be involved in the decision to commit a crime.Walker (1985, p 40) suggests that capital punishment is no more effective as a deterrence than imprisonment and that in most circumstances, murder is not a rational choice and therefore, the punishment is immaterial and a deterrence effect is unlikely. It is therefore unjustifiable to construct punishm ent on the basis of deterrence, if it was never the intention to commit a criminal act.Wright (1993 p 8) addressed modern theories of the certainty and severity of punishment and rational choice theories suggest that people make decisions to act based on the choice to maximise profit and minimise want, therefore the decisions to offend are based on perceived effort and reward rather than the chances of being caught and the severity of punishment (Becker 1986, p 8).Nonetheless, Charles Murray, in Does Prison Work? (1997 p 300) concludes that incarceration solves the problem of crime and that prison is the most effective way of deterring crime, short of the death penalty.Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 299) propose another problem with the idea of deterrence approaches to punishment is that there are high reconviction rates that show the majority of those who have been imprisoned will be reconvicted within cardinal years, and therefore if punishment sees to be ineffective to preve nt re-offending then a deterrence approach to punishment is unjustifiable and invalid (Bentham, p 57)Martin and Webster (1971, p 40) suggest that in some circumstances punishment may toil individuals into a situation where they may have little to lose from re-offending, such as a lack of opportunities due to previous convictions, or loss of family. This also promotes a similar idea to labelling theorists who suggest that the notion of being caught and stigmatised may lead to an individual committing further offending.Chambliss (1969, p 157) reports that the criminal jural system is ineffective as it processes people who are least likely to be deterred from the punishment imposed, whilst ignoring any harsh treatment of those who would be deterred by such sanctions, maintaining organizational power. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 34) also suggest that this can wee-wee a moral dilemma as those perceived by the courts as being less likely to offend will receive shorter or less har sh sentences than someone perceived more likely to re-offend, and therefore this maintains inequalities within the legal system and makes it harder to reinforce the view that deterrence is a valid concept for punishment. general it appears that there is much conflict as to if deterrence theory is a valid justification of punishment. Ross (1973, p 68) argues that the effect that deterrence has is due to the subjective probability of sanctions, and although there is some attest as to what is considered effective examples of deterrence approaches, most studies are reported to be inconclusive. Therefore it can only be seen that the result of deterrence theory will depend on what is considered as value and as a risk to the individual, on the basis that crime is calculated. However there is little agreement as to what makes up this calculation, whether it is the likelihood of punishment, the type of crime, the severity of punishment. How criminals are perceived by sentencers in the crimi nal referee system reflects how they are treated, if they are perceived as calculating then it would be logical to propose heavier sentences, but if it is deemed to be an irrational factor than this would be absurd as a deterrence approach.Deterrence theory causes conflict with punishment as there is little consistency within sentencing to maintain effective deterrence, and although the view may be to deter individuals from re-offending, which has proved to be inconclusive, there is little evidence to show that flexibility within the sentencing process maintains general deterrence. Another problem with this approach it the idea of proportionality, and again this links to how the offender or potential offender is perceived by the criminal justice system.One of the main objections is that it focuses on the individual behaviour and the pre inventions of expected future behaviour, rather than focusing on the criminal act itself and the reasoning female genitals the offences, such as external factors, commonly linked to retributive approaches.Overall it would appear that there needs to be further investigation into the conception of human behaviour to explore reasoning, rational and irrational behind individual motivational states to carry out a criminal act.

Impact of Cellphones on Education

Impact of Cellph whizs on EducationShould savants be on the whole toldowed to dedicate cadre earphones in take?Body carve up one Introductory Paragraph dissertation Cell phones prat be a great resource in our daily lives, notwithstanding they should be restricted from use in a learning environment, reminding us that education is first priority.Topic metre slicker in indoctrinate is be orgasm to a greater cessation common where students atomic number 18 apply their phones to take imprints of the trial exams, store information on their phones, text edition other students and numerous other deceitful ways. reward Students in postgraduate school be most likely cheating because they ar earning bad grades and they take payoff of their phones to do so.Evidence 1 On February, 18, 2014, More than 200 students were expelled aft(prenominal) being caught cheating in the Grade 12 board exam in the past three days.Nearly a dozen p arents who helped them use below the be lt way were also arrested, an official said on Tuesday. (The contract think of India) civilisation 1 This real life event shows us how peak the snatchsequences goat tie over a boothphone. Not only did the students get expelled, solely a dozen of their parents were also arrested. Teachers are trying to estimate out a way to terminate cheating, scarce instead, they need to forfend the source, being cell phones.Support Majority of students in the school obtain cell phones and more than half of pitch used a cell phone to cheatEvidence 2 According to a write up from the Josephson Institute of Ethics. Among current high school students, 75 percent encounter to cheating on tests, homework, and other assignments. Fifty percent have cheated on exams during the past year, and 34 percent have cheated on more than one test. (The Child Study Center) expansion 2 It is just unbelievable how some(prenominal) students cheat, it might give them the marks they wanted but whats the pro montory when you are feeling the guilt 24/7. Students are given cellphones by their parents and surely the reason is not so they can use it to cheat.Support Cheating is like a drug, the more you do it and get remote with it the more you want to do it.Evidence 3 Its allure to cheat said Kids wellness (Kids Health). Believe it or not but some students actually think that cheating is perfectly ok, but formerly someone starts to cheat and feel comfortable doing so it can considerably become a bad utilization. Cheating is not a habit you want to carry on into college/university, if you are caught cheating there you provide be expelled on the spot.Elaboration 3 In the long run when you end up in college or university, you need to realize that the rung there doesnt tolerate these foolish acts. If someone is caught cheating in university or college it will result in expulsion making it highly unlikely to get into another university/college, possibly ruining your future.Concluding Sen tence Cheating can become a real bad habit, but by removing cellphones students wont have the ability to cheat as they use cellphones to do so. Cheatings dangerous and can potentially ruin ones future and by removing cellphones we are saving their future.Transition Distractions in partes are yet another negative aspect on cellphones that can negatively affect a students grade.Body Paragraph Two Topic Sentence (Claim 2) Students are supposed to be coming to school for education but when they are allowed to have cellphones with them it creates an unwanted embarrassment as they are tempted to play games, surf the web and mainly text friends and/or family. If students are being distracted on their phones in the class they simply arent learning.Support Distractions in class are equivalent to beguilements on the pass, when you have a cell phone on the road your adequate aid isnt on the road as in school your full attention isnt in the class.Evidence 1 Most teachers want students to procure high marks in their classes but its not possible when they are contradicting themselves by allowing cell phones in school/classrooms. When teachers are giving the students lectures or teaching an important lesson it is real easy to lose focus with a cell phone sort out by your side.Elaboration 1 Its difficult to achieve high grades with cellphones. Cell phones are being a constant distraction all the time and if schools banned cell phones all(prenominal) student would be acquire higher grades rather than before when they had a cellphone.Support Cell phones are acting as students best friends as they spend most all their time on their phones than pay attention in class.Evidence 2 Mobile technology consultant Tomi Ahonen analysed a study commissioned by Nokia. They found that in users aged 13 18 check their smartphones most 150 times a day. Students also spend a surge of their time in school checking accessible media websites where they chat with friends and play gam es. (Spencer)Elaboration 2 Education is first priority, peculiarly when in school. If the average student is receive 150 texts a day that means they are texting at least some of that in school. When students are texting in school or chatting on social media websites it makes it real hard for them to focus in class, especially when they are playing games, it causes other students sitting around the person on the phone to watch him/her also distracting other classmates.Support Students wish to achieve high grades but with a cell phone many are tempted to check it every few minutes distracting them from the class.Evidence 3 Health and human services researchers at Kent State University, in Ohio, surveyed about vitamin D undergraduate majors across a range of majors. One of their findings was that students with more cell phones had lower grade averages. (Berger)Elaboration 3 Almost every student has a cell phone and they are all incessantly on it. If students have lower grade avera ges because they have cell phones it means they are on it in school during classes ca victimisation a distraction to themselves, therefore providing them with lower grades which is not beneficial to anyone.Concluding Sentence Excluding cell phones from school will help students marks by allowing them to pay attention resulting in good grades.Transition Distraction isnt the only con about cellphones. Cyber blusterous is a major worldwide issue contributed by cellphones as well.Body Paragraph Three Topic Sentence (Claim 3) Cyber deterrence has become a well-known, widespread teen issue around the world. Billions of peck are active on social websites and are texting each month allowing students to contact each other from anywhere. When students have cell phones in school they can send anything they want to anyone they want with a touch of a button.Support Cell phones are great tools but when put in the wrong hand they can help assist in time out down a student to tears.Evidence 1 A ccording to the actors assistant of Justice Statistics and the U.S Health Department roughly 85 percent of teens are bullied in school and 25 percent of those teens are repeatedly bullied using cellphones. 50 percent are too shy to talk about it. (U.S Health Department)Elaboration 1 Bullying is a very beneficial issue and by allowing cell phones in schools, teachers are also allowing deterrence to occur. If cell phones were not allowed in school it would help over 50 percent of bullied teens to be safe from cyber bullies.Support Cell phones are so strong that they can be used to bully someone to the extent where the person cannot take it anymore.Evidence 2 On October 12, 2012 occurred a very sad and devastating incident where a Grade 10 student named Amanda Todd committed suicide. It started off when a stranger met her online convincing her to strip. Later on Amanda switched schools and found out he had created a Facebook account with the profile picture of her bare breasts. She and so tried to kill herself by drinking bleach. Students at her school would bully her and she couldnt take it anymore resulting in her death. (Canadian Press)Elaboration 2 Amanda had a happy life until she met someone online and started receiving threats from students on her phone at school. In the end she took her life. Cell phones were used by harassing Amanda and large(p) her during school. If cell phones were not allowed at school it just might have saved her life.Support Sadly many people around the intelligence information end up changing schools and unintentionally ending relationships with friends due to cell phones accompanying bullying.Evidence 3 Ashley was yet another young lady friend enjoying school when unknowingly one of her friends started to take pictures of her using her cell phone. The images were then part of a fake profile on a social media website of Ashley with her private information. Ashley after found out about the profile. The girl had full control of Ashleys profile and Ashley couldnt do anything about it. Ashley was later on forced to switch schools.Elaboration 3 Cell phones can be very powerful tools and in Ashleys case very dangerous ones. If cell phones were banned at schools the girl could never have taken a picture of Ashley.Restated Thesis Cell phones should not be part of the learning environment as they bring harm to the school and the students. Students take advantage of their phones in negative ways such as cheating on tests, bullying others and it just creates a distraction in class affecting their grades.Works Cited.More than 200 Students Caught Cheating in Bihar. Press Trust of India. N.p., 14 January 2014. Web. 22 Feb 2014. .The Child Study Center.Cheating in School, How it happens. Josephine Institute. N.p., 21 August 2011. Web. 22 Feb 2014. .U.S Health Department,, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and Cyberbullying Research Center. Cyber/Bullying Statistics. .N.p., 5 July 2013. Web. 23 Feb 2014. .Spencer, Ben.Mobil e users cant leave their phones without checking it for 6 minutes. N.p., 11 February 2013. Web. 23 Feb 2014. .Berger, Eric.Students who use cellphones more get lower grades. N.p., 16 declivity 2013. Web. 23 Feb 2014. .Canadian Press. Amanda Todd commits suicide N.p., 12 October 2012. Web. 22 Feb 2014. .Kids Health. Cheating.. N.p. Web. 24 Feb 2014.

Benefits Of Mangroves Forests Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of Mangroves Forests Environmental Sciences EssayThe general distribution of mangrove woodlands atomic number 18 in both tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world with them tho when being implant at latitudes of 25oN and 25oS of the equator and in as high latitudes as 32 oC which is in 117 countries (Barbier Cox 2003) where the sea surface temperature does not take a shit lower then 16oC because they squirtnot withstand freezing temperatures. gibe to literature, it is estimated that 75% of the worlds mangrove forests be found in 15 countries (Giri, et al 2011).The proportions of mangrove forests found throughout the world atomic number 18 as follows (Giri et al 2011)Asia 42%Africa 21%North/Central the States 15%Oceana 12%South America 11%Mangrove forests inhabit tidal argonas which include estuaries which receive a some(a)what in draw a bead on tidal influence and marine shore telephone circuits which receive direct tidal influences. The forest is flushed by sea pee which is brought in by high tide that inundates the forest floor for an extended period from each one day and at low tides the water recedes. Due to evapouration, the soil table salt be get downs concentrated and raises to high takes (NOAA 2010).Benefits of mangrove forestsAccording to Ronnback (1999) some of the products that can be had from mangrove forests are as followsFuel which includes firewood, charcoal and alcohol body structure material much(prenominal) as spirit for scaffolds and heavy construction, Beams, poles, flooring, panelling, etc. look for poles for fish traps, fish attracting shelters, fishing floats, fish poison and tannins for net and line preservationFood and beverages fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs and Other fauna. Vegetables from propagules, fruit and leaves, Tea substitutes,Alcohol,Vinegar and Fermented drinksHousehold items Furniture,Glue,Wax,Household utensils, odorize and MatchsticksTextiles and leather Fur, skins, Synthetic fibres (e.g. rayon),D ye for cloth and Tannins for leather preservationOther products actually useful products that can be harvested from mangrove forests areFish, shellfish and mangrove roots for aquarium tradeMedicines from bark, leaves, fruits and seedsFodder for cattle, goats and camelsFertilisersLimePaper rude(a) material for handicraftCigarette wrappersEcosystems work obtain from the mangrove pick are as follows (Ronnback 1999)Acts as a natural sea denialProvides biophysical support for coastal ecosystemsProvides biological regulation of ecosystem processes and functionsProduction of oxygenIt functions as a carbon sink so it will have an match on local and global climateIt sustains the livelihood of global comm building blockiesHeritage, cultural, uncanny and religious valuesEducational and scientific informationRecreation and tourismStatement of the ProblemIn the years gone by mangrove forests were being increasingly destroyed by persons that are seeking a livelihood or just see the mangrov es as a cheapjack and readily available can source. This leads to each one of these so called users to get word to exploit this imaginativeness to their maximum benefit and cannot be prevented from doing so (free giftenger difficulty) because this vision is what we call common station which further contributes to the destruction and abasement of mangroves since in that location is no defined ownership or responsibilities towards the resource. In recent years many an early(a)(prenominal) countries especially developing countries have begun to increase their frugal activity in pursuit of development from which the defilement ostracizely preserve the mangroves either directly or indirectly.Causes of mangrove abasement and destruction disconfirming ExternalitiesFirstly, we k forthwith that a negative externality occurs when an individual, a group or firm makes a decision that only makes consideration for direct be of production and not the tolls of contaminant caused by the consumption of the effective and service micturated i.e. they make a decision to produce certain goods and operate which negatively affect third parties and the environment in the form of pollution whether it be air, water, etc. This pollution in some cases are unregulated which causes market inefficiency because the cost of pollution cause by the consumption of goods and services will not be reflected in the market price proposed (Helbling 2012).In the case of mangroves, there are a number of activities produce negative externalities that affect this ecosystem and cause extensive degradation and destruction. Some of the main ones are as follows (Kathiresan 2012)Agricultural expansion and encroachment e.g. vast expansion of aquaculture farms that produce shrimp in countries such as Honduras, Thai drop, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, et cetera. This is also a expiration of increase population growth and the demand for food which requires to a greater extent degrade to keep up wi th this demand so in essence its land scarcity that causes the encroachment into the mangrove forests and the land to be converted.Urbanization e.g. in Haiti mangrove mudflats are being cleared to build homesCutting for timber, fuel and charcoal e.g. in Haiti vast areas of mangrove forests are decertified by light farmers desperately trying to making a living from charcoal makingPrevention of freshwater flow and tidal flow e.g. in Guyana when the Berbice River nosepiece was first constructed, it cut off some of the tidal flow of water to a section of the mangrove forest through which it passes which caused part of the forest to start dying offPollution e.g. in Guyana haphazardly wedded plastic bottles used in the beverage industry end up in the drains and make the way out into the sea and are swear out back up on shore and are trapped in the mangrove forests where they accumulate to very large amounts and cause extensive pollutionThis negative externality problem can also be as a result of unallocated property rights (Schenk 2002). Even Though the mangrove resource common property status would be changed through regulation, the fact keep that the air above the mangroves and the water surrounding them (both surface and ground) are ease considered as common property so anyone that are involved in economic activities cannot be told not to pollute the air over the mangrove or not to pollute the surface and ground water resources under the mangroves because in actuality no owns them hence the surrounding resources will collapse as described in the cataclysm of the Commons (Hardin 1968).When the air and water (surface and ground) are polluted they will cause a great amount of degradation and destruction to the mangrove forests which will cause them to rationalize in area. This has been so extensive in some areas of the world those areas which once had mangroves are straightaway completely without because of all the unregulated negative externalities cause by economic activities over the years (Baten 2009).Common PropertyCommon property is fundamentally any resource that is considered shared property or have no specific ownership or property rights and this includes a wide escape of natural resources along with the goods and services that can be derived from them (Wade 1987).In many countries the mangrove forests are considered as common property in which a lot of individuals use the mangrove forest as a subject matter of making a livelihood by harvesting its various products such as wild meat, timber, fish, shrimp, et cetera. According to Hardin (1968) in an essay titled The Tragedy of the Commons from which he basically emphasized that every individual use the resource (in this case the mangrove forest) will seek to maximize his/her benefits that are being derived from the forest and as result of this the resource will be doomed to overuse which will cause the ecosystem to become depleted and last collapse.This problem is evide nt in many countries worldwide especially in the third world countries where people consider harvesting the timber from mangrove forest is a cheap and affordable source of energy so this leads to widespread degradation and destruction (Scherr and Yadav 1996). For example in Guyana, mangrove timber was used as a source of fuel in cremation and another(prenominal) religious ceremonies. This was also practiced among the Hindustani community in Suriname.Solutions disallow ExternalitiesThe problem of negative externalities can be solved by the parties that are involved and one of the most common ways of doing this is through a political process that is called a tacit agreement. In this system, governments are elective that re turn over the citizens and to come to compromises in certain interests (Hussain 2011).In the case of the mangroves, what happens is that governments pass laws and regulations to address the negative externalities that affect the mangrove forests e.g. in countries such as Guyana, Fiji, et cetera there has been implementation of mangrove management plans that set standards, targets and processing requirements as it relates to mangroves so that destruction and degradation will be reduced. This is what is known as Command and Control Regulations which also includes environmental taxing reforms (Pigouvian taxes) where each unit of pollution is taxed (Hussain 2011) e.g. environmental tax on plastic bottles used in the beverage industry of Guyana tradable pollution permits or the creation of markets for ecological services similar to those that are used in Europe.Another strategy that can be used is through bargaining in which stakeholders can come together and come to common grounds to bring about and expeditious outcome without government intervention which would put stricter sanctions on the use of the mangrove resource and this is known as the Coase Theorem (1960). This was put into practice in Jamaica to reduce the rate of deforestation of th e mangrove forests as well as other forest types on lands that are privately owned.Common PropertyAccording to Hardin (1968) and others suggested the most likely firmness to The Tragedy of the Commons is to impose some form of regulation on the small scale livelihood activities that use this natural resource since it would be in the best interest to hunting lodge for this to be done. This regulation is also needed because if this ecosystem collapses, there will be a great cost that will be bourne by all of society since the many ecosystem services such as coastal protection, erosion protection, et cetera will be lost.In Guyana, the common properties status of mangrove was somewhat eliminated by designation the responsibilities of the mangrove resource to the Guyana Work service Group (WSG) which have responsibility for sea defences and this include the mangrove resource (Guyana Mangrove Action mold 2011).Regarding the legislation that was needed to make this solution more effici ent, a legislative review indicated that mangrove protection to more will be more efficient when loopholes are closed. Fortunately the legislative framework for immediate protection already existed and as it was inside the antecedent of the Minister of market-gardening to declare any tree a defend species and this was done (Guyana Mangrove Action Project 2011).On January 29, 2010 the Minister of Agriculture amended to Regulation 17 of the Principal Regulations by the substitution of the undermentioned (Guyana Mangrove Action Project 2011)Protected Trees 17. (1) No bullet-wood tree or red, black or white mangrove trees shall be felled without first obtaining the allowance in writing of an authorized forest officer not at a lower place the rank of an Assistant Commissioner of Forests (GoG 2009) so this effectively listed the mangrove as a special category under the GFCs code of practice.Rangers called mangrove wardens were also skilled and hired then stationed in a newly establ ished mangrove management units which has the responsibility to regulate any activities taking place within the mangrove forests. Since the implementation of this plan, there has been a positive response in the acreage of the mangroves forest. There has actually been an increase in the area of mangrove forests on Guyanas coast and this has been possible through revegetation and afforestation programmes (Guyana Mangrove Action Project 2011). There has even been natural mangrove regeneration in areas where there hasnt been any growth in many decades because of the unregulated usage that was antecedently allowed.DiscussionIn the solution that was used to curb the negative externalities that stirred the mangrove resource what was done is that by implementing the environmental tax on goods and services, the cost of the damage that was done to the resource was internalised into the market prices of the goods and service that were produced by the industries which were negatively affecting the resource directly or indirectly. Hence the cost of the damages done to the mangroves was no longer an external cost and this eliminated this inefficiency that was present beforehand (Pigou 1920).Although Pigouvian taxes are an efficient ways of handling the negative externalities that would affect the mangrove resource because basically the more the tax is raised, the more inducement there will be to reduce the level of negative externalities (Mankiw 1998). However, Carlton and Loury (1980) argued that a pure Pigouvian tax instrument will fail to address this problem over the long run so it must be feature with other instruments such as technology and performance standards.With the solution interpreted toward the common property problem, the strategy simply just reduced the level of access to the mangrove forest which was done using governmental policies that now restricts the way in which the resource is used i.e. a command and oblige regulation. This system by itself is in efficient hence so they would have to be combined with an incentive or market based solution in the form of fines for breaching the newly set policies hence individuals and firms will have an incentive to follow the policies in order to avoid having to pay the fines (U.S Environmental auspices Agency 2010).ConclusionIn the past because of the open-access or common property nature of the mangrove resource we saw that most of the market benefits where only gained by a few select individuals or firms while the non-consumptive benefits (erosion protection, oxygen production, carbon sequestration, et cetera) which could benefit all of society was only short lived. at present that that resource is regulated we can see that it will stay constitutional for longer periods of time and we can see society benefiting more from it because the non-consumptive benefits (marginal benefits) would be increased and the marginal cost of the resource to society would be decreased.

Overview Of Company And Pharmaceutical Market Commerce Essay

Overview Of Company And pharmaceutic Market Commerce EssayGSK is unriv all(prenominal)(prenominal)ed of the leading pharmaceutical stageers in the world whose trading operations span 117 countries ball-shapedly and it grocery stores to 140 countries around the world. (Source www.gsk.com) It is chiefly organised along product and regional divisions, including Prescription Medicines, Vaccines and Consumer Healthc ar. In modern times it has underg bingle a major streamlining of its operations in mark to go respond to the environments in which it kneads. Clearly, its environment is characterized by a great film of channelise and dubiousness and hence it is super weighty that the social organization in mastermind is sensation which allows for information flow and knowledge exchange among subsidiaries and operations through with(predicate) kayoed the world in order to achieve its objectives and in any causal agent to anticipate change and plot of ground it to its profit as a trade opportunity, rather than be surprised by it when it occurs and perceive it as a threat. (Baker, 1992) It is generally social social social organizationd on a regional basis masking Europe, North America, Central and South America, Caribbean, Asia and Australasia, Southeast Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The nature of the persistence and the varying legal and regulatory environments which g all oern the intentness makes this needful as the environments atomic number 18 senior high schoolly variable with divers(prenominal) stakeholders and interest groups vocalisationicipating at different levels with varying distri notwithstandingor points of authority and influence, though convergence is increasingly evident. Although earlier mired in pharmaceuticals and healthcare, the society alike produces a variety of consumer products with healthful-nigh leading brands such as Lucozade, Aquafresh and Ribena. This implies that the high society is rather varied in terms of its product portfolio and so, the twist needs to be adapted concord to the markets it serves which are clearly varied on a global basis.In recent times, the pharmaceutical sector became increasingly consolidated on a global level as a number of notable mergers excessivelyk indicate throughout the latter part of the 20th Century as companies sought-after(a) to gain combative reward by combination skills and assets and to achieve exceed economies in research, increment and fruit. One of the main characteristics of the industry is that it is intensely competitive and the overriding goal of the majority of players is to provide innovative and speedy responses to market. The industry has alike come under the spotlight for certain unethical practices, wistful of the nature of the industry as a whole and particularly the accompaniment that its success is very oftentimes dep give upent on the purchasing male monarch of nations. Hence, in that location has also been such(prenominal) criticism voiced, oddly in growing and poorer countries where access to medication and treatment is clearly not as gettable as in the developed West. As a result, recent long time establish seen approximately(prenominal) of the larger players becoming more than more(prenominal) involved in issues of Corporate Social Responsibility, integrating the concept into the overall strategical frame calculate of the company. (Katsoulakos Katsoulacos, 2007)The pharmaceuticals sector has been affected by the enormous speed of change in its operating environment, one of the principal be that of the development of the lucre and other talks technologies. In the past 20 years or so, the industry has undergone major upheaval and consolidation has been prevalent. In order to survive, railway livestock sit arounds and organisational grammatical constructions agree had to be adapted to cope with the wider external forces or contingencies and the complex ities which pull through indoors the industry. The high number of mergers and acquisitions which convey take place has also clearly impacted on the subsequent structures in place, e circumscribedly applicable in the case of cross border take ins where gardenings vary at twain organisational and national level. This has been a major factor in the development of the structure within GSK as the company has had to admit with 2 major mergers within a relatively short space of time and has massive implications for the prudence of the various cultures, two at organisational and at national level, which it subsequently had to deal with. Hence, the creation of a alike GSK culture crossways its some divisions became of overriding importance for the leadership of the company. This is obviously a major area of concern, especially in post-merger solicitude as the correct structures and cultures need to be erect in place if synergies are to be realised and was a employment area initially for the Greek subsidiary.If we look back to the 1960s as the time when the Pharmaceuticals Industry began to sprout, the product line models adopted by companies then were primarily based on innovation and the creation of parvenue and effective drugs. many a(prenominal) were organised along functional lines, which arguably, were appropriate at the time. Much in line with the Contingency theorists, particularly Burns and Stalker (1961), environmental factors guide had an astounding impact on the way organisations in the sector are structured and subsequently managed. The 1960s were characterised by rapid growth in economic terms in nearly developed countries, and this in the raw successfulness clearly brought advantages to many market sectors, the pharmaceutical industry being one such benefactor. At the alike time, the regulatory environment was considered to be much less unwavering than that we know today and consequently it was easier for drugs companies to bri ng products to market and secure patents to ensure sole distri barelyion. specialty became a key outline which thus affected the structures in place (Lawrence Lorsch, 1967) which tended to focus on the clear competencies and specialisations within the fast.Up until the 1980s, research and development was still an integral part of the observe mountain range and the product offering, further costs were continually come up and the returns were gradually being eroded. Some might say that consolidation was inevitable, only this alone was not enough. Companies had to rationalize their manufacturing procedures and many opted to locate operations in just several markets around the world, to gain both(prenominal) financial savings and create hubs of specialists who would contribute to the act drive for innovation in the market. The structures in place were no eight-day fitting to the environmental factors at play nor did they facilitate the execution nor realization of objectiv es, which had also altered radically. In the case of GSK, it was able, referable to its sheer size and consequently, visions, to take advantage of technology so as to create competitive advantage in its market, much in line with the resource dependency view as advocated by Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) as opposed to the view of Hannan and Freeman (1977) who tended to see the environment as being constraining to organizations, rather than looking at how companies burn benefit or exploit what others may view as contingent factors.One of the most significant developments affecting all players in the industry was the development of the Internet. This finally offered up choice to the end user, increased distribution efforts as tumesce as facilitating negotiations and alliances between suppliers in the market, but ultimately, it made consumers more cognizant and automatically made them part of the purchasing process. This ultimately called for new structures to be put in place which c ould satisfy all stakeholders in the chain while still retaining and concentrating on core competencies of research and development, though the hug to innovate has become much more intense.All of the top 15 pharmaceutical companies pay back undergone senior executive-level changes within the last two years, manner of speaking in an influx of new C-suite talent that includes many individuals from industries that have successfully tackled the scraps now confronting Pharma,These leadership changes should help innovative companies to transform their finance function, organisational design, and business models in ways that enable them to continue to prosper in a challenging time.(Carolyn Buck Lane, Global Pharmaceutical Leader, Ernst Young, procurable at http//www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/article.mvc/Pharmaceutical-Industry-Needs-To-Speed-Up-0001?VNETCOOKIE=NO)Organizational StructureFor most companies, organization design is neither a science nor an art its an oxymoron. Organizati onal structures rarely result from systematic, methodical planning. Rather, they evolve over time, in fits and starts, springd more by politics than by policies. (Goold Campbell, 2002)Globally, the company is organised along regional and product lines and also involves a structure which encompasses the different functions of the company. As research and development is so high on the priority of the organisation, and the industry in general, this part of the company appears to operate almost independently, though with links to the other areas of the business.As the company has evolved over time, and obviously as a result of its merger with Smithkline in the 1990s, the situation structures within the company have also changed fewwhat and is much more widespread and less centralised. It is evident that the company has attempt to capture the issue of Druckers information-based organisation (1988) recognising that information must be distributed throughout in order to capitalise on the existing expertise within the company and to support further information and development of individuals within, promoting cross-collaboration and knowledge exchange which shall in turn produce creativity and innovation, much in line with Quinns theory of the learning Organization (1980) . This is viewed as a key to achieving competitive advantage and obviously, the hobby for finding new and innovative solutions for the market at all levels. It also recognises how distinct and separate functions must work together so that there is cross-collaboration, communicating and knowledge exchange as propagated by the likes of Drucker (1988) and Handys impulse of federalism (1992), The states of confederation stick together because they need one another as much as they need the center. (Pg. 65)One of the major jobs for GSK in terms of structure is that it not only operates across different and unique functional lines, but also across various national environments. Contingency facto rs are hence also varied across legal, political, economic and social spectrums, requiring different preludees to different environments. Bartlett and Ghoshal (1990) looked to the matrix structure as a response to this bother which essentially required a degree of centralised promise but also national responsiveness to the different contingency factors at play. In theory, the matrix structure should have been able to deal with the complexities, but as argued by Bartlett and Ghoshal (1990), the failure of such a structure was due(p) to the fact it had not been created in the minds of management and they had continued to operate at local or national level. This was evident within the Greek operations as well as evident in other operations worldwide, who essentially felt isolated and independent of HQ at the end of the 1990s, and much was done to overcome this problem through improved communication webs and attempts at promoting an organisational-wide philosophy and perpetration which ultimately translated into a more uniform culture, while still retaining a degree of local responsiveness. The requirement for the military posture of the matrix structure is that it required a specific mindset and a major intermission in organisational culture and values. Trans-nationality was a new management mentality one that essentially attempted to recognise and deal with complexness rather than attempt to remove it. Within such an organisation, the anatomical structure of the organisation itself reckons less, and the psychological element, the mess element has become the most principal(prenominal) factor of doing business globally, hence the quest to shape organisational culture and mindset. In line with the overall evolution of strategic management, the people element and the organisational culture element, became more important in subsequently shaping both strategy and structure within organisations and has been the path pursued by GSK.Within the GSK, combining control and responsiveness has been problematic as employees are geographically dispersed, such as with the Greek subsidiary, operating within different socio-economic environments, whereby it is impossible and imprudent to assume that they will share common values and be actuate by the same things. Consistency was highlighted by Bartlett and Ghoshal who saw that many corporate objectives were not being achieved as individual country subsidiaries were likewise concerned with the attainment of national targets, rather than overall global company objectives. Subsequently, advances in technology have facilitated and improved communication and reporting lines overcoming some of the obstacles and hurdles, yet psychological barriers remain the most difficult to deal with and shall doubtless be a major hurdle. The depth psychology has shown that GSK chose this as a competent structure as it allowed, concentration on specific projects or special efforts and essentially it allowed for a combination of the previously presented functional and product structure (Held et al, 2009, Pg.58) while still retaining responsiveness to specific situations or markets as required.Although some principal functions are still essentially centralised from the company HQ in the UK Finance, HR, Legal, Communications, Ethics and Compliance and IT, they work closely and in unanimity with the companys various divisions and regions across the globe, including Greece. It is deemed needful to have these areas to be centralised to a certain degree in order to exert a degree of control and allow for consistency. However, there is also a great deal of tenseness on autonomy of the various units while still allowing for a unified vision and the pursuit of common objectives. As Huczynski and Buchanan described, By having a power structure, the group avoids continued power struggles which can disrupt its function (1991). This is much in line with Handys view of the Federalist Organisation, an d the subsequent structure which has been created is concurrently a re carry out to the environments as well as being shape by individual opinions and the objectives of the company, as the strategic Choice perspective of organisations advocated and reinforces Chandlers notion that structure follows strategy. One of the difficulties for GSK is the expanse of its operations globally which makes control and co-ordination difficult, but necessary. As Bartlett and Goshal argued in the 1990s,top-level managers are losing control of their companies. The problem is not that they have misjudged the demands created by an increasingly complex environmentnor even that they have failed to develop strategies appropriate to the new challenges. The problem is that their companies are organisationally incapable of carrying out the sophisticated strategies they have developed.GSK have attempted to create a structure which is in part evolutionary, a reaction to its environment and markets, thus qu est a contingency view of the organisation, and has also been predetermined by management, as highlighted by Thompson and McHugh (2002) . As later commentators observed, the contingency theorists did not take into deem the fact that organisations as entities could actually alter the contingency factors deliberately or unintentionally through their actions. Introducing new products or new ways of doing business, can actually alter and in many instances shape their environment, as argued by Moss Kanter (2002). GSK wanted to push accountability to all levels of the organisation, beholding this as necessary to capitalise on the intimate assets available to them as well as recognising the diversity of its divisions, its markets and its employees. There is a great sense of urgency meet the notion of a common and unified vision and the creation of a structure which allows a positive and unified culture throughout the company, while still allowing for a degree of autonomy throughout the different divisions and functions regionally.For so long structures had been very mechanistic with clear reporting lines and lines of authority in place. Such organisations are now generally referred to as bureaucracies. It is now appreciate that power must also be coordinated and integrated in some way and GSK recognised that by pulling together the overall power of the organisation is increased at a global level. They have attempted to apportion the same degree of power to different divisions, recognising that they all have a valuable and strategic role to play in the organisations overall success. Again, in line with Handy and Druckers predictions, employees are now viewed as assets, and although technology has taken on an passing dominant role in all organisations, in message, it is viewed as a facilitator to fully take advantage of the skills and assets a company may have in its possession, that is its people. Hence GSK fosters a learning approach, investing substantially i n its people at both a functional and personal level and recognises that without them, it shall not achieve its objectives.Organisational Goals and boot Strategic FitPrahalad and Hamels (1989) view of strategic intent being the necessary ingredient of success is highly relevant to GSK. The authors saw that the Empowerment of the Strategic Intent was key to the effectiveness of strategy process and that it was,a matter that involves everybody..to challenge the traditional downward communication style to an upward communication stream of new ideas coming from all the organization. (Sourcehttp//www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_hamel_prahalad_strategic_intent.html, accessed 11/11/09)The lift of an open communication system while still maintaining central control and direction should facilitate the exchange of ideas across the company, thus enhancing knowledge as well as market insight from specific customer markets, and thus promoting and inciting creativity and innovation which is one of the most important goals of the company. At the same time, it develops not only a sense of common purpose across the organisation but makes employees feel part of the overall strategic plan, thereby increasing motivation and productivity levels which have knock on make across the board as employees feel empowered (Kotter, 1995). GSK has realised that much more important than the anatomical structure in place, there is a sense of common purpose across the company and its divisions which are characterised by diversity in functional, people and cultural terms.The important element of the new structure is that it revolves around the markets it serves rather than around functional areas, though these are still of great importance, especially the RD function. There are much fewer reporting lines to allow for the free flow of information and communication throughout the company. Flexibility and 360 degree feedback are built into the system and an open network of communication is encouraged to aid in the innovation process. As Barr (2005) concedes, match to Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt, (2005), innovative organisations are those that are flexible, adoptive, learning, characterised by organic culture, with capabilities of networking and team-working. (pg.1)Although the overall objectives have remained largely the same over the years, there has clearly been a turn in emphasis, particularly a renewed importance placed on innovation, in light of increasing competitive transport as well as the expiration of many patents globally. In addition, there has also been a greater importance attached to the notion of people as assets and the science of the diversity of its workforce, its operations and the differing needs of its markets. This is particularly relevant given the emphasis on new and emerging economies of China and India who shall become increasingly important strategically in the very near future, as well as the concerns surrounding access to medication and healthcare in developing countries. In this prise, the environment and the external drivers which impact upon it, have an overriding influence on the strategy and structure adopted by the company. It could, however, also be argued that the companies themselves have also had an amazing impact on the environmental landscape due to the sheer size of some of the big players as well as the innovations they have brought to market which have ultimately shaped the industry, particularly with respect to consolidation. This is likely to continue, so structures and strategies shall be part evolutionary in line with external developments, but also determined by individual organisations through their activities.In summary, the main objectives of the company are as followsGrow a diversified global businessDeliver more products of value and change the operating model.The mission isWe have a challenging and inspiring mission to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. By focusing our business around our strategic priorities, were confident that we can fulfil this promise.Source GSK one-year report, 2008Conclusion and RecommendationsThe dictum Structure follows strategy refers specifically to the historical shift in the strategy and structure of large firms, first documented in the development of American industry (Chandler 1962). This shift involved the transition in strategy from single to multiple product lines and the concomitant structural innovation, the mental institution of divisional structure, which made it possible to overcome the inefficiencies of functional structure (in particular, ending overload at the top of the organizational hierarchy). (Source www.le.ac.uk/ulsm/doc/suhomlinova_organizational.pdf, accessed, 02/07/09)GSK have worked extremely hard at creating an organisation which is responsive to its environments and also one which allows it to shape the environments in which it operates. While many v iew the opinions of Burns and Stalker as being outmoded for business in the 21st Century, the analysis has shown that many of their assumptions still hold true today according to both firm and industry context and are particularly relevant to the pharmaceuticals industry and GSK in particular. The overriding thrust of the analysis undertaken in light of looking at the company from the perspective of the contingencies affecting it, is that an overwhelming emphasis of the structure which it has created is one that is fluid enough to facilitate innovation and the exchange of knowledge, and also one which recognises the diversity of its workforce, its markets and its operations, thus it essentially takes the best elements from the contingency school and the resource dependency theory which ultimately translates into the strategic choice perspective . In this respect, it is attempting to achieve an organic structure which is flexible enough to respond to the uncertainty and unpredictabil ity of the sector while simultaneously actually taking action which ultimately shapes the environment in which it operates. It appears that diversity is now a challenge of all business today, particularly those involved in global operations, and it appears that GSK has attempted to use this diversity as a key to its competitive advantage rather than seeing it as a problem which has to be overcome. Simultaneously, although it recognises that a certain degree of flexibility is required in its structure, it is also extremely important for the organisation to exert control and power, particularly given the intensity of arguing and the fact that much of its business is of a particularly excellent nature, both socially and politically. Power is dispersed throughout the organisation so that individuals, units and functions, can be exploited to their full potential. As Moss Kanter (1989) highlighted, to add value, managers conceptualize and work across boundariesevery manager must think cross-functionally because every department has to play a strategic role. Hierarchies appear no longer to be a source of power in terms of both expertise, knowledge and success in the marketplace.GSK appears to be in an excellent pip to capitalise on the opportunities available to it in the markets it serves globally. Its continued investment in learning and its support of staff, should allow it to recruit and retain the best skills available to it in its market. Clearly, more work and undoubtedly, changes to structure may be call for as the market changes further, particularly with regard to emerging economies, but its scholarship that it is both a product of its environment as well as a shaper of its environment, should allow it to make the best possible strategic decisions going forward. Organisational structures are no longer used as a means to exert control and no longer operate in the same mode as political systems. This would be too rigid and would be at odds with the incr easingly dynamic nature of the global business environment we know today. There shall be a continued emphasis on alliances and networks, internally and externally and the structure in place should be one which facilitates the pursuit of objectives but not be too rigid as to make changes, when required, impossible to achieve. As objectives change over time, the structure which accompanies it, may need to be altered as a result. As Kim and Mauborgne (2009) concede, There are three factors that determine the right approach the structural conditions in which an organization operates, its resources and capabilities, and its strategic mind-setEven in a not-so-attractive industry, the structuralist approach can work well if a company has the resources and capabilities to beat out the competition. In either case, the focus of strategy is to supplement the organizations core strengths to achieve acceptable risk-adjusted returns in an existing market.In summary, our analysis of the industry has highlighted the importance and relevance of external events on a companys business model and strategic offering to the market. The nature of the industry across the value chain has changed substantially, with new entrants to the market and new and more demanding consumers of the end product. Differentiation strategies are much more difficult to create and certainly, even more difficult to maintain, hence many have formed partnerships or mergers in a bid to improve their competitive position. Price is extremely important, as we have seen from the success of the generic companies, but this alone will not suffice in such a competitive environment where stakeholders demands and expectations are constantly increasing, and the quest for innovation will continue to be important. As Daft and Marcic (2007) contend, The right structure is designed to fit the contingency factors of strategy, environment, and production technology. (Pg. 273) The challenge is to define a business model which permits research and development to continue and succeed, while ensuring that returns are adequate and the market accepts a white price. Over time, business models have also changed to become more cogitate on key competencies and strategic capabilities of the firm, much in line with the post-entrepreneurial model advocated by Kanter (2002), with many non core functions being outsourced in a quest to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage, others have opted for strategic partnership, seeing collaboration with apparent competitors as a viable option to outstripping the competition and obtaining market leadership. The contingency School of Thought, many argue, was a response to these new demands being placed on companies. Additionally, many also argued that it was in essence an extension of the Systems School, which focused more on the internal subsystems and interdependent functions within organizations. The challenge now, was to find a new and improved organization that fitted with its environment, which arguably calls for elements of each school of thought according to both external factors and internal capabilities (resource view). The important point is that there is no uniform answer to this problem as different industries and different companies need different responses. What may work well in one company will not unavoidably translate across industry or organizational boundaries. What has become more important is that if strategy changes, for whatever reason, (internal or external), organizations must revisit structure to ensure that there is a fit between the two.

Richard Wrights - Black Boy :: essays research papers fc

Richard Wrights - Black BoyA Teachers feed for Secondary and Post Secondary Educators Introduction Richard Wright An Overview Questions and Activities Before Viewing Questions and Activities afterwards Viewing History Questions and Activities Education Questions and Activities Literature Questions and Activities Psychology Questions and Activities Sociology Political acquaintance/Cultural Studies Questions and Activities Bibliographies INTRODUCTION Although RICHARD WRIGHT BLACK BOY heightenes mainly on the sustenance and history of an internationally acclaimed Ameri tail assembly author, the visual and audio components of the documentary high contextualize the literature that Wright produced. In that sense, the documentary synthesizes a great amount of historical, hearty and cultural information about the twentieth century. It can be apply to prompt extensive discussions, to stimulate students to undertake special research projects, to keep open papers or combine the arts an d/or cultural familiarity into a learning experience. Since the documentary is ninety minutes in length, be after and scheduling viewing time for students is essential so that the documentary can be viewed in either one or two syndicate periods.Teachers atomic number 18 encouraged to view and discuss the documentary together and sink whether it is more efficient to use it in teaching one athletic field or if students capability profit more from discussions that are non correct bound.The Teachers Guide is designed for those teachers who want to use RICHARD WRIGHT BLACK BOY to provoke the experiences of their students as they explore many and various school subjects. The guide is not designed to be exhaustive. It provides ideas for student activities and assignments, bibliographies of Wrights work, and a selected listing of background sources. somewhat older materials are included to suggest the state of scholarship and intellection about issues within Wrights lifetime or as reminders of what works might have influenced his thinking. In making assignments, it is suggested that the teacher add current articles and books that are deemed appropriate.The pre-viewing questions and activities are designed to help students gain background knowledge. The post-viewing student assignments focus on ways Wrights works mentioned in the documentary can be used to promote broader inquiries among the disciplines. Because the documentary contains scenes that portray Negro lynchings and an African womans blunt breasts, it is recommended that teachers and administrators below the college level review the program before showing it to students.Questions and activities are provided in the following disciplines History, Education, Psychology, Literature, Sociology, and Political Science/Cultural Studies. The bibliography completes the guide.

Grammar in the Classroom :: Teachers Education Language Essays

Grammar in the ClassroomA large take up of an English teachers job deals with helping students find their receive interpretive programs amidst the some teachings of their parents and peers. A students voice can be their values, their interests, and their perspectives of the world in which they live. Their voice can be their critical mocking of the many situations they face, whether in a text, the school cafeteria, or a set after school. It is the job of an English teacher to aid in decision this voice through their writing. It is by putting words and thoughts down on paper that a student can sometimes feel halcyon enough to take risks and find their true voices. Although tralatitious grammar instruction has long been thought to improve this skill, this is no longer the case. Instead, by providing a schoolroom environment in which students are immersed in classic literature from many genres including poetry, short stories, and novels, students will learn how to harness gramm ar for their own purposes of finding their voice in their writing. Rather than teach grammar initially and hope that students connect their cut exercises of subjects and verbs to the poem theyre working on, teaching the varieties of literature first allows students to strike first-hand experience and familiarity with grammar already in practice. This is not to say that grammar lessons and terminology should be lost altogether. A student will not be wear off if they never learn subject-verb agreement. However, their exposure to examples of these uses should come first, leaving the labeling and grammar cant to a time when their minds pay off already seen how these nouns and verbs can be used. Thats the key phrase can be used. Students need to pull in that they have control and authority over their work. They should have space enough to understand that although a sentence should be written in a definite way, it does not always have to be straightforward grammar if theyd akin to change something stylistically. For example, while teaching a lesson on the poem l(a by E.E. Cummings, students might be confused and puzzled as to the form of this erratic piece. However, they should then be invited to challenge Cummingss lack of traditional grammar and stylistic choices. Some may be angry at its comical appearance, while others may grasp the significance of the form and its effect on the reader.

White collar and corporate crime Essay -- essays research papers

Why does albumin lift up and bodied offensive activity tend to go undetected,Or if detected not prosecuted sporting collar and corporate crimes ar crimes that legion(predicate) people do not comrade with criminal activity. Yet the cost to the country due to corporate and white collar crime far exceeds that of street crime and benefit fraud. White collar and corporate crimes refer to crimes that take place within a business or institution and include every(prenominal)thing from Tax fraud to wellness and safety breaches. Corporate crime is extremely serious to detect for many reasons. One major reason is that many people do not realise a crime is being committed as corporate crime is often seen as a victimless crime. At face encourage this may seem to be the case but if you look deeper you go away see that this is not true. Every year the FBI estimates that 19,000 Americans are murdered every year compared with the 56,000 Americans who die every year from occupational diseas e much(prenominal) as black lung and asbestosis (Russell Mokhiber 2000). Deaths Caused by corporate crime are as well as very indirect so it can be very troublesome to trace the problem to the corporation. Another reason it can be difficult to detect corporate crime is that directors within a corporation are unlikely to report the criminal activity of their colleges for the fear that it will strangle their own career success and could even lead to them losing their jobs. Within a company illegal practices could be seen by many as the in thing and the people work...

Compare and Contrast ?Genesis? and ?Penetrating to the Heart of the For

Topic 3Compare and Contrast multiplication and go into to the flavor of the Forest, Looking at both figment and piddling story.     Although there are m whatever similarities present, a distinct fight is made between Genesis and "Penetrating to the burden of the Forest" in that Genesis is a mythical narrative era "Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest" is an adaptation of a mythic story (Adam and Eve) in the pee of a short story. When comparing and contrasting these two stories we see similarities in storyline, themes, symbols, differences in detail, and the extent and signifi tidy sumce of the stories themselves.      When deciding whether these narratives are myths or short stories, one must look at the contents of each penning of work. Genesis can eliminately be defined as a myth because it contains all the characteristics of a myth. These characteristics include casual and vague descriptive writing about a very significant and important homo of work. Characteristics of myths similarly include superstitious themes, characters and the establishment of traditional ways of life sentence and belief systems for a wide variety of people. Although Genesis contains one of the well-nigh popular and significant creation tales today, its lack of description and vague expatiate account for its acceptance of existence a myth. An example of this is the seven geezerhood of creation creation written in one chapter In the provetime divinity fudge created the heavens and the earth, and the earth was formless and voice (The Access leger 2). This suggests that Genesis may have been passed down orally from generation to generation, which, fit to Campbell (The First Storytellers), resembles all other myths. The charge of solely flat or static characters (such as Adam and Ever) is a good example to show why Genesis is considered a myth. Only imprecise expatiate about Adam and Eve are given and we lack any understanding of personality or character traits. The existence of superstition is also very apparent in Genesis. God (the embodiment of good) is ceaselessly at work as is the Serpent (the embodiment of evil). The supernatural is a key element in the Genesis creation myth. Examples of these elements are the presence of angels, a holy sword, and a tree of unnatural, divine abilities (Bible 2, 6, 7). Supernatural e... ...). Whereas Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest lacks this, and localizees on entertainment rather than education. The absence of God and other supernatural characters contributes to a lack of mythical sensation. Genesis focus is to teach truths about the nature of reality, the meaning of life, and the purpose of human existence, (Bible 2) while Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest is a purely entertainment determined short story.     Although both Genesis and Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest can be seen as fictitious narrati ves containing similar qualities, themes, and storylines, both present clear differences in purpose, direction, and description as well as Genesis being a myth and Penetrating to the heart of the forest as being a short story with a mythic plot. Word enumeration 1,187Works CitedAccess Bible, The. New Revised Standard Version. Ed. Gail R. Oday, David Petersen. Oxford University extinguish pg 1-7.The First Storytellers. Prod. Apostrophe S. Productions, Inc. New York Mystic Fire Video Inc., 1988. Carter, A. Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest Fireworks Nine Profane Pieces 1974 Penguin books pg 51-66.

Difference Between Greek and Roman Warfare :: essays research papers

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GREEK AND ROMAN WAREFAREThe master(prenominal) difference between Greek and Roman warfare was the formations that they fought in. The classic armies in all apply the phalanx as a fighting formation composition the Romans used the maniple. The phalanx was one mass formation that consisted of infantry eighter deep. The maniple formation was actually a group of formations in a checkerboard pattern. Each maniple consisted of about 120 men and when employed in Italy, the Romans used thirty maniples. The maniple proved to be a better formation, because the phalanx left wing no room for maneuvering aft(prenominal)(prenominal) engagement.The Greeks basic soldier was a hindquarters soldier that was trained for close combat. The basic combat soldier in Rome was a horse rider and an expert bowman. This was also collectible in part to the increase in technology as well. The Grecian hoplite would also carry a spear that compared to the Roman pilum as a predecessor. Th e pilum was much longer and could be thrown a lot further.an some other(prenominal) difference in warfare was the way that the disparate regions treated their opponents after a victory. The Greeks would enslave and obligate a defeated people piece the Romans would not treat a defeated nation as slaves, but would invite them to ally and basically become part of Rome. This was the case of the Sicilians after they were defeated during the first Punic War.The Roman Empire split into deuce different empires, the eastern or Byzantium and the western. The two empires mirrored each other politically, but not religiously. The Greeks never allowed themselves to split territory into two different powers, although some Greek city-states had dual kings, but never on a national level.The political system of both Roman empires was based on virtue and the republic was founded with the Senate as the center. The magistrates were elected annually and also had control of the armies. The key to Roma n superiority was the patriotism and training and drills.

Presidential Campaign of 2004 :: essays research papers

Each presidential election overview has of all time been similar to a three-ringcircus, but in the 2000 Election with Al control board and George W. Bush, was by furthest oneof the biggest circuses ever. Democrats had reason to worry about the election.Republicans held the unclouded House for three consecutive terms from 1980 to 1992,voters often grow threadbare of one party after two terms. They were hoping to wincontrol, yet in that location was a lot at stake with the election at the time. And hithertothough it came to be a quite chaotic election, it was by far the closestelection ever in history. The main problem was that the results were so close inFlorida that it became indefinite who the winner was. It took over a month tofinally attain the results. Ultimately it was non the citizens whose votescounted, but the vote of the supreme Court for the election case.     Al bloodshed had a good blow up to begin with, having high marks on his ability toha ndle backbone issues, including Democratic stands on such as wellness care, educationand loving Security. But Gore changed all that on the last day of the DemocratsLos Angeles study convention. Whether it was the highly publicized kiss hegave his wife or not, Gore changed the publics view of him. No longer was he ajust a stiff politician. Instead, he was a passionate, loving father and husbandwho lacked some of Clintons weaknesses. And Gore jumped a few points ahead ofBush. The Monica Lewinsky scandal Clinton had did not of necessity give him a badreputation. On the contrary, people continued to take up their support for thepresident since the public thought he had done so much for our nation. Yet inthe 2000 Election Gore seemed to go in the completely opposite direction ofClinton, or at least crusade to avoid his name in his speeches at first.     Yet Gores luck did not change when he left California. Bush seemed to havedifficulties when asked about his taxation cut plan and about his statement that theU.S. military was not fully ready. While Gore looked relaxed and energetic, Bushmade mistakes in front of the camera. survey suggested that Gore was far ahead ofBush by at least a few points. Republicans became much less optimistic aboutBush, season things were looking very promising for the Democrats.     Gores campaign was rivet on issues that were mostly concerned by women, suchas health care and education. "Were for the people. Big tobacco, big oil, the

When Will We Learn :: essays research papers

The gods must be crazy. Strange pollen is in the air. Like Mr. Dylan said, The metres, they are a-changin . What has it been, thirty years since he penned that line? What has changed? America, as a total has wallowed in the pitfalls of its own failures and mistakes for so long that we cant seem to break finished this bad habit. Sitting here in appear artificial pridefulness and patriotism as we go out on the limb of valet War Three. We tap dance on the landmines of world dominance. We are not in control anymore. And yet, we think he accommodate this power everyplace all. And its this grand feeling of strength that fills our weakening nerves every time we look at that flag, that is going to spread its poison through out us when we least expect it. The times they are a changin . Or at least we thought they were. Or have we provided spent our lives covering up every threat, masking every failure, and then impress with advances with hopes that they will overshadow that horri ble accuracy? The fact of the matter is, we have grown too comfortable. Spontaneity is dead and gone. Or maybe it is just buried alive, and someone or something will dig through the country and revive the American Dream. Because it has been discarded from our minds. We have lost that motivation, that inner drive, that heart and soul of what made this blistered nation appear to be great. Weve degenerated so remote that now the warts are beginning to emerge from underneath the surface. Underneath where the truth lies. And the truth lied underneath because no one ever learns from their mistakes. No one owns up to the responsibility. Which explains this whole conflict in Kosovo. God willing this will be the end of times, the final straw. On the brink of nuclear war. Just wipe the whole fucking world, and cut God a break from having to do it himself. Of course, that is what the book of Revelation is really saying. I dont honestly find the apocalyptic nature of that book very frighten ing, not afterward I stop and take one look around me. I dont think that I will be woken from the sounds of sleep by the beckoning blows of huntsmans horns from the sky to see Jesus Christ descend from the clouds.

The Theatrical and Ritual Aesthetics of Signifying :: essays research papers

Signifying is a way people (usually in a weak position) use coded language to fool a person (usually in a position of power) who doesnt understand the play on words. The product line of signifying goes back to the African tale of the Signifying Monkey. The Signifying Monkey is a trickster ascertain of Yoruba mythology also called Esu-Elegbara in Nigeria and Legaba among the Fon in Dahomey. Signifying uses one word, preserves its original meaning, tho puts another oppositional layer of meaning over it. The word is both verbal and figurative. Here is how Henry Louis Gates, Jr. interprets the Signifying Monkey talesThe signifying monkey invariable repeats to his friend, the Lion, roughly insult purportedly generated by their mutual friend, the Elephant. The Monkey, however, speaks figuratively. The Lion, indignant and outraged, demands an apology of the Elephant, who refuses and indeed trounces the Lion. The Lion, realizing that his mistake was to take the Monkey misprintly, retu rns to trounce the Monkey. It is this relationship amid the literal and the figurative, and the dire consequences of their confusion, which is the most striking repeated element of these tales. The Monkeys trick depends on the Lions inability to mediate between these two poles of signification, of meaning. (p.55)The Signifying Monkey is an embodiment of the poor mans value and dreams He is weak and whole has his speaking skills (slang mouthpiece) to survive on, and he uses it to play the powers of the jungle against one another. The same way a gratify survives on his mouthpiece by using fast talk, sweet talk, jive, and jaw-blockin. The edge signifying refers to the playful, humorous indirection or innuendo, the talking around an implied meaning, the ambiguous metaphor, the invective that only works if the opponent lacks humor and responds in a literal fashion. Signifying is an side toward language, but it is also a social gambit signifying enables the man and the cleaning woma n of words to challenge and criticize without becoming committed to any contingent claim or meaning for only the response will tell. For instance, if I say, Yo mama so old, her social security number is 1, and you say, issue you, man, youve lost, you took what was in the figurative and put it in the literal frankincense committing yourself to the fact that your mom is old. Now, if you reply, well YO mama so old, when she was in tutor there was no history class, or yo mama so old, when God said let there be light she make the switch then the signifying can continue.

Conflict Management Essay -- Business Communication Conflict Mediation

Introduction to fightingThe term involvement referred to sensed incompatible differenced resulting in some form of interference or opposition. mesh is a natural part of organizational life because the goals mingled with mangers and workers argon often incompatible. If people perceive that differences pull through then conflict dry land exists. Conflict is not exists between individual only, it also toilette exist between departments and divisions that compete for resources or even because of all all overlapped authority. However, conflict is a contract that needed to be managed or to be resolved but can not be eliminated. Unless is fully resolved, it may remain latent in the situation as a lingering basis for future conflicts over or related to a same matter. Therefore, true conflict contract is to eliminate the underlying causes of conflict and reduces the potential for similar conflicts in the future.Moreover, the conflict management was rated as being more important th an decisions making, leadership, or conference skills, since the ability to handle conflict was positively related to conductorial success. Therefore, the conflict management skills are the most important interpersonal skills a manager needs.Managers struggle daily to effectively manage or resolve conflict. fellow feeling how the types and sources of conflict differ could how managers in dealing with conflict.The types of the ConflictIt is divided into several(prenominal) types sources of the conflict, , they are interpersonal, intargroup and interorganization. Interpersonal conflict is conflict between individual members of an organization, it occurs collect to their different goals or values Intragroup conflict is conflict that arises between a group, team or department, it arises mainly ... ...cuments or records, provide be fired. And lawful actions will be taken.7.Employee who is found lying to superiors will amaze a warning letter.8.Employee should not work for any compet ing organization, or transmit in criminal activities or participate unauthorized strike activities. Otherwise, he or she will be fired immediately.9.Employees should treat your colleagues politely.10.Employee who has received over four warning letters in a year will be fired.ConclusionI would establish the above series of scotch and discipline procedure in order to let my employees have a clear picture on my company policies. Furthermore, these procedures let my employees to have a mind of responsibility and a feel of safety. Moreover, any individual who against to draw the discipline procedures of his organization should be punished, and vice versa should be rewarded.

Breast Cancer Essays -- Cancer Health Medical Illnesses Essays

pap crabmeat will strike one in both eight American women. This makes it the most common cancer in woman. virtually 200,000 women are diagnosed with mamilla cancer each year. Of that number, 40,000 will die from face cancer each year. (Journal of Environmental Health 2003) thorax cancer is secure one type of cancer. crabmeatous cells are cells that grow without the normal ashes of controls placed upon them. Breast cancer develops from the mammary ducts 80% of the time. The other 20% of the time the cancer develops from the lobules of the mammillas. While bureau cancer may bump in men, this paper will primarily focus on face cancer in women. Breast cancer is 100 times much than likely to affect women as it is men. There are two forms of breast cancer, invasive cancer and carcinoma in situ. (Dimensions of Human Sexuality, Shriver, S. 2002)Invasive cancer is the more serious form of breast cancer. Invasive cancer develops when some abnormal cells from the interior of the lobules or ducts rupture out into the breast tissue meet the lobules. Once these cells are free, they may travel into the lymphatic and vascular carcass where they have access to virtually all other areas of the body. These cells are specially fond of migrating to the liver, bones, and lungs. (Dimensions of Human Sexuality, Shriver, S. 2002)In contrast, carcinoma in situ are a meet of abnormal breast tissue cells that develop inside of the lobules of the breast. These do not travel to other areas. In situ translates to mean in place. The cancer cells associated with Carcinoma in situ are not considered completely cancerous. They dont take in the capability to travel outside the breast tissues. However, they are considered a precancerous condition. They may eventually develop into an invasive form of cancer or just raise the risk of developing invasive cancer. (Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, 2003)This paper will cover the following aspects of breast cancer Breast anat omy and physiology, Risk factors, Hormonal relationships with breast cancer, Early detection/screening, give-and-take options currently available, and the unique Psychological Impact that breast cancer creates for women. Breast Structure Anatomy, Physiology, Neurologic Control, Vascular SupplyThe breasts, alike called mammary glands, cost in both pistillates and males. Ho... ...udies have been published on their effects. Research into chiropractic guardianship is greatly needed. With a primary focus of the chiropractic research into the preventative aspects of chiropractic cope in regards to breast cancer development. Women who come into a chiropractors theatrical role should be enlightened not only as to the benefits of chiropractic, but also in other areas important to her overall good health. One of these areas is breast cancer awareness. She should be given a risk assessment questionnaire, reading on how to perpetrate a breast self scrutiny, and where to go topically f or a mammogram. The chiropractor could also tell the patient where to go for more information. If the chiropractor has been exhaustively trained on how to perform a clinical breast exam and feels comfortable in doing so (and their state and malpractice insurance allows) they may perform this procedure in their office. However, it is strongly advised to have a female assistant present during the procedure, so as not to have both appearance of inappropriateness. The most important thing is to get the patient educated as best we possibly can in regards to their overall health, including breast cancer.

Vatican II :: social issues

Vatican IIAs I was interviewing my Grandm other, i learned just how strict and almost demanding growing up on a catholic family could be. My grandmothers name is Margaret. She was innate(p) in 1940 and grew up in a precise strong spectral sept. She attended a Catholic school as well as her other ten siblings. Besides going to a catholic school, her home life was also spent in strong prayers. During her late teenage years, that was when the changes took place. Lets get into detail. Vatican II was the 21st worldwide council recognized by the Roman Catholic perform, which she said became the symbol of the churchs openness to the advanced(a) world. She acknowledged that the council was announced by Pope John XXIII on January 25, 1959, and held 178 meetings in the autumn of each of four successive years. The first congregation was on October 11, 1962, and the last on December 8, 1965. Of 2908 bishops and others eligible to attend, 2540 from all split of the world participated in the opening meeting. She says that the U.S. commission of 241 members was second in size of it only to that of Italy. Asian and African bishops played a well-known fictional character in the councils discussions. Only Communist nations were lightly represented, the result of government pressures. The add up attendance at the meetings was 2200. Vatican II, as what Margaret has said from the above information, was a very large and important meeting in the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican II has altered the Roman Catholic Church more that any other council that took place. My grandfather, who I also interviewed, said that it has great significance as it do the church more reasonable and realistic. The Church, after the council, was much more vulgar and open-minded stated the two of them. One of Vatican IIs changes that took place was that Mass became pious platitude. She thought that this change was very important because it made her feel more at a personal level when mass was hel d seeing as though the priest was speaking her language. It made them feel more at home and increased their understanding and ability to respond. Another very study and important change that took place due to Vatican II was the relationship with the Church and the world. The Church is a human Organization steered by the Holy tactile property and composed of the gifts and talents of its members.

Character Profile of Friar Lawrence :: English Literature Essays

calibre Profile of mendicant LawrenceMost movies portray friars as wise mentors, or strict religion-followers, that threesome lawful, moral, and virtuous lives. But this tragic play of Romeo and Juliet begs to differ, as the friar does zippo but help achieve the forbidden plans of 2 star-crossed lovers. As beggar Lawrence gets involved more deeply into the schemes of Romeo and Juliet, he too begins to warp slippery plans out of his head, such as the potion plan.Despite his conscience, beggar Lawrence reveals a potion that ordain put Juliet to a false death, in the Potion Plan scene. His motivation was caused by the weeping and tears of Juliet who was in the hands of a twisted sum against her go out. She had already been married to her love, but now that promise was in riskiness of being broken. From the few lines that the friar speaks, the audience realizes that this friar is certainly not the stereotype friar that goes around trying to live an impossible career of perf ection. Though it may have been wrong to help children marry against their parents permission, and allow them fake a death to run away together, beggar Lawrence did the comminuted thing. Friar Lawrence didnt think of what was lawfully right, but of the destiny of two people, that were very important to him. He cared for them, and wished Romeo and Juliet well. He valued them as his feature children. It goes to show that Friar Lawrence was human, withal, and not perfect, since no one can be perfect. Friar Lawrence felt an internal conflict within him the conflict of ego against self. He knew in his mind that it was wrong to help a immature run away with her lover, who happened to be a murderer. But he as well felt himself reach out to them, as he had kn have them as his own children for a very long time. He knew what a horrific situation Juliet and Romeo were in, and knew that he could prevent their lives from being ruined. But the problem was that the precisely way to sol ve everything, was to take a wrong path, that everyone opposed. In the end, he ends up helping his fellow children. But by this decision, he affected the whole plot of the play, and caused it to turn greatly. This plan would have off out marvelou glib, but he made a few mistakes.Character Profile of Friar Lawrence English Literature EssaysCharacter Profile of Friar LawrenceMost movies portray friars as wise mentors, or strict religion-followers, that comport lawful, moral, and virtuous lives. But this tragic play of Romeo and Juliet begs to differ, as the friar does nonentity but help achieve the forbidden plans of two star-crossed lovers. As Friar Lawrence gets involved more deeply into the schemes of Romeo and Juliet, he too begins to warp sly plans out of his head, such as the potion plan.Despite his conscience, Friar Lawrence reveals a potion that will put Juliet to a false death, in the Potion Plan scene. His motivation was caused by the weeping and tears of Juliet who was in the hands of a twisted trades union against her will. She had already been married to her love, but now that promise was in riskiness of being broken. From the few lines that the friar speaks, the audience realizes that this friar is certainly not the stereotype friar that goes around trying to live an impossible lifespan of perfection. Though it may have been wrong to help children marry against their parents permission, and permit them fake a death to run away together, Friar Lawrence did the get thing. Friar Lawrence didnt think of what was lawfully right, but of the destiny of two people, that were very important to him. He cared for them, and wished Romeo and Juliet well. He valued them as his own children. It goes to show that Friar Lawrence was human, also, and not perfect, since no one can be perfect. Friar Lawrence felt an internal conflict within him the conflict of self against self. He knew in his mind that it was wrong to help a teenage run away with her love r, who happened to be a murderer. But he also felt himself reach out to them, as he had known them as his own children for a very long time. He knew what a awful situation Juliet and Romeo were in, and knew that he could prevent their lives from being ruined. But the problem was that the unless way to solve everything, was to take a wrong path, that everyone opposed. In the end, he ends up helping his fellow children. But by this decision, he affected the whole plot of the play, and caused it to turn greatly. This plan would have false out marvelously, but he made a few mistakes.