Factors Affecting Academic Interest Essay

A NOAA (AOML) in situ pCO2 sensor (SAMI-CO2), attached to a Coral lower Early Warning body station in Discovery Bay, Jamaica, utilized in conducting marine acidification studies near red precious coral get down beasAustraliaMain article Environmental threats to the Great Barrier get down The Great Barrier Reef is the institutions largest coral let down system.46474849 The reef is located in the Coral Sea. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef ocean Park. Particular environmental pressures include run off-key, salinity fluctuations, climate change, cyclic crown-of-thorns out spites, over searching, and spills or improper stabilize discharge. atomic number 34 AsiaSee also atomic number 34 Asia coral reefsSoutheast Asian coral reefs ar at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as nitril and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, pollution and bleaching. Activities including education, regulation and the establishment of ocean protected argonas help protect these reefs.IndonesiaIndonesia is home to one third of the worlds corals covering to the highest degree 85,000 square kilometres (33,000 sq mi) and one quarter of its fish species. Indonesias coral reefs are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and convey fallen victim to destructive fishing, tourism and bleaching. Data from 414 reef monitoring stations in 2000 found that and 6% are in excellent thoughtfulness, while 24% are in good condition, and approximately 70% are in poor to fair condition.50PhilippinesIn 2007, Reef Check, the worlds largest reef preservation organization, stated that only 5% of Philippines 27,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of coral reef are in excellent condition Tubbataha Reef, Marine Park in Palawan, Apo Island in Negros Oriental, Apo Reef in Puerto Galera, Mindoro, andVerde Island Passage off Batangas. Philippine coral reefs is Asias second largest.51TaiwanCoral reefs in Taiwan are being threatened by human population g rowth. Many corals are affected by untreated sewage and souvenir-hunting tourists, not knowing that this practice destroys habitat and causes disease. Many corals have sullen black from disease off Taiwans southeast coast.52-IndonesiaIndonesia has 2,915,000 square kilometers of marine area. The reef area is 51,020 square kilometers. Of that amount, 82% of it is at risk. Indonesia holds 17% of the worlds total coral reef areas. Blast fishing, which has been illegal since 1985 still goes on today, along with nitril fishing (1995). An some other factor that is hurting the coral reefs in Indonesia is the amount of coral that they export. They are the worlds largest exporter of corals, exporting about 500 tons of coral per year.16 COREMAP is helping Indonesia with their destruction of corals by on the job(p) in 9 of the 32 provinces. They want to 1. Heighten law enforcement to protect coral reefs2. Establish coral reef monitoring and information systems, in battle array to conduct re search on the status of coral reefs and more(prenominal) effectively disseminate that information to stakeholder groups 3. Develop conjunction-based management systems and increase common participation in coral reef resource management 4. Increase institutional capacity and strengthen inter-institutional coordination in planning and implementing policy that affects coral reef management, and 5. Enhance public knowledge of the importance of coral reef and motivate great deal to actively participate in the management and carryable use of coral reefs.PhilippinesThe Philippines, with more than 7,000 islands and unassailable ocean body of waters, surround about 26,000 square kilometers of coral reef. 3 These coral reefs have recently brought the attention of beneficial economic uses to the Philippines government.4Benefits of Coral Reefs in Philippines1. Coral reefs break the waves from the chance of eroding the coastline of the islands 5 2. Protection of Communities the reefs act as buffer zones meaning they decrease the power of typhoons and hurri sackes as they approach the Philippine Islands 6 3. Economic Benefits Fishing off the coral reefs, profits from tourism, for example, Diving tours and snorkeling areas on the shallow reefs. These economic benefits create many late jobs and profitable opportunities to the country.StateFor the past 50 days, the equilibrium of degraded reefs in Indonesia increased from 10 to 50%. From 1989 to 2000 reefs with over 50% ope send coral cover declined from 36 to 29%. Western Indonesia, which is more certain and holds the majority of the nations population, faces the greatest threats to its coral reefs. Surveys concluded that reef condition improves from west to east. The pctage of reefs in good or excellent condition (live coral cover of 50% or more) is 23% in western Indonesia versus 45% in eastern Indonesia. 65% of surveys taken from the Maluku islands had evidence of bomb damage. In addition, reefs affected by lan d-based pollution (i.e. sediment discharge into reefs by deforestation, industry, sewage, and fertilizer) show 30-50% less diversity at depths of three meters and 40-60% less diversity at 10 meters in comparison to pristine reefs. The 1997-1998 el Nino event triggered widespread bleaching in Indonesia, with western and west-central Indonesia most affected.Bleaching was recorded in East Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Lombok. In the Seribu Islands northwest of Jakarta, 90-95% of coral reef from the reef flat down to 25 meters died. 2 years later, the Seribu Islands signifi endtly recovered, with live coral cover of 20-30% (2000). Coral reefs in Indonesia are located near Java (Batavia), Nusa Dua, Jakarta and Saribu. 8 30% of the Philippines coral reefs are dead while 39% are dying. The news isnt all bad Establishment of the Sumilon Island marine reserve has resulted in a marked comeback of fish in adjacent areas. Along with the establishment of the Sumilon Island marine reserve, there is anticipate for the Philippines via boosts in ecotourism. In recent years, local Filipino governments have discovered that fishing is not the only economic benefit the reefs can provide.They are confident that with a spread of ecotourism, even local fishermen result reap the financial benefits of this economic arena. A surge in coral reef conservation education is helping the tourism sector provide information to tourists on how to preserve the coral reefs while they enjoy the beauty and serenity of the reefs.17The Philippines ecotourism sector is unfortunately stifled at this time due to a limited budget and there are approximately 7,000 islands to patrol for destructive fishing techniques.8 9. crushing fishing techniques are thought to be the largest contributor to reef degradation in the Philippines. The first ever mass-bleaching event in the Philippines was reported in 1998-99. It began at Batangas, off Luzon, in June 1998 and then proceeded nearly clockwise somewhat the Phi lippines, correlating with anomalous sea-surface temperatures.Most reefs of northern Luzon, west Palawan, the Visayas, and parts of Mindanao were affected. Subsequent mortalities were highly variable, with decreases in live coral cover ranging from 0.7 to 46 percent and up to 80 percent in Bolinao. Recent surveys in 1997 found a low percentage of reefs to be in excellent condition. They found only 4 percent of Philippine reefs in excellent condition (i.e., over 75 percent hard or soft coral cover), 28 percent in good condition (50-75 percent coral cover), 42 percent in fair condition (25-50 percent coral cover), and 27 percent in poor condition (less than 25 percent coral cover). The Visayas have experienced the most significant decline in coral cover, exhibiting an average of only 11 percent hard coral cover. 10 A study in the early 90s revealed that coral reefs are damaged by a variety of human activities such as household sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural chemicals from land that are washed to the sea. 11This was a new finding for the time period in which it was widely believed that the main damage to coral reefs was causes by oil spills or from pollution dumped by ships. This survey was difficult on SE Asia mainly because it was believed that coral reefs in this region were at great threat of extinction if continued to be unmanaged. In the last cardinal years climate change has had the most harmful effect on corals. (Hughes) Currently one of the major issues the Indonesian government is dealing with is climate change. (CIA Worldfactbook) When the ocean warms such as in El Nino, coral bleaching occurs, which kills the coral. (Hughes) The reefs are incredibly important to the economy and people of Southeast Asia.The reefs bring in $1.6 billion a year through fishing, employment, and the tourist industry. (Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia Key Findings 2002) Today, the coral reefs located in the Philippines and Indonesia are in great danger. Fisherme n are constantly practising dangerous methods such as blast fishing and dynamite fishing. These practices prove to be detrimental to the coral reefs as well as the marine life in the surrounding areas. Because of the dangerous methods, fish that are usually near the coral reefs are no longer there any more. Two of these fish are Groupers and snappers. According to David Nockels it was only seven years ago that 30% of the reefs were dead in this region and many more were dyingMarine protected areasAmongst the many proposed solutions to the problems plaguing coral reefs in Southeast Asia is the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Currently marine protected areas make up around 8% of the area of Southeast Asian coral reefs.26 The World Commission on Protected Areas 12, amongst other groups, has been active in establishing MPAs in Southeast Asia. However, the success rate of MPAs in Southeast Asia is low, with an estimated 14% of MPAs rated effectively managed.30 13 This rate ref lects the difficulty of implementing MPAs. Moreover, it shows that much work is still needed to make MPAs successful in Southeast Asia. IUCN has specify an MPA as any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.31In other words, an MPA is a marine area in which the water column and all the life that exists in it are protected through laws. These laws restrict certain practices within the MPA, which can differ per MPA. Marine protected areas, in sum, provide a marine asylum which can foster an increase in marine biodiversity.32 (See also 14). This increased biodiversity is though to be able to slaver over to the non-protected surrounding areas in which fishing can take place. This is important for a number of reasons. In the Southeast Asian context, especially amongst the islands of t he Philippines and Indonesia, the sea and people are very much interconnected. As mentioned, the sea provides both a source of income and source of food for the people. In the Philippines, for example, 67% of protein food consumption comes from fish and fish products. Additionally, roughly one million people in the Philippines are employed in the fishing industry.33Increased fish stocks resulting from marine protected areas only add to the solutions needed to revitalize Southeast Asian economies, life systems, and coral reefs. In addition, the LMMA (Locally-Managed Marine Area) Network is another organization that takes part in the Southeast Asia marine conservation. Similar to the MPA, the LMMA also provides protection areas in the sea. However, according to the definition above, an LMMA is an example of an MPA because an MPA includes a large space within and close by the area. The LMMA involves members from around the world, and the communities within the managed areas. The goal o f LMMA is to allow members and local communities to learn the uses of protected resources.15 Due to the massive destruction of coral reefs in Southeast Asia, the LMMA has established two areas in Eastern Indonesia Padaido Islands, Biak, West Papua, and Southern Ambon Island and the Moluccas Islands and various areas in the Philippines.With the help of the LMMAs, the local communities would learn to preserve their marine goods, and be able to maintain for longer years. Gradually, the communities will accommodate bigger and healthier fish. 16 There are an estimated four hundred MPAs in the Philippines. Of the 400 only 16% have yielded an increase in bio-diversity. The high tribulation rate is due to poor management and a lack of regulation.34Despite the numerous failures there have been successes. One of the best known areas is Apo island where a small community has effectively managed an MPA since the mid 1980s. The Apo MPA includes a ban on detrimental fishing practices and a no-ta ke zone covering 10% of their reef. Apos reef has thrived giving hope to Philippine reefs.35Contributions for managementThe state of the coral reefs in the Philippines and Indonesia are depleting with every blink of an eye. It is to no ones surprise that the Philippines have lost more than 80% since the 1920s. In Indonesia it is a little better due to the some drastic activenesss made by the government. On December 6, 2002 the Asian Development depository financial institution (ADB) approved a US$33 million loan in order to save what is the rest of these important organisms. Over fishing, illegal fishing methods, and overpopulation have all contributed to the decline of the coral reefs both in the Philippines and Indonesia. Along with the loan the Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project (Phase II), the second part of a three phase plan has given us all hope in restoring coral reefs in this part of the region. The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries will negociate the whole entire project with a due date of June 30, 2009. If it all goes according to plan the fishing industry will be the benefited the most.However, government action is not always necessary to manage reefs. When the community dependent on the resources provided by coral works together to save and restore the fish population, the results can be very good. The community managed reefs of Apo Island, located in the southern Philippines, known worldwide for its success. The waters around Apo Island are home to about 650 species of fish and 400 species of corals. The waters of Apo Island were not always this full of life. Fishing is the major occupation on the island, and even those who do not fish, rely on the catch for their protein. So when a fishermans catch began shortening, after years of unregulated fishing, it was very easy for them to resort to destructive methods of fishing,such as blast fishing and cyanide fishing, to get by.These methods almost led to the end of the already dwindling fish stocks. The community began, through education and widespread involvement, the process of making these practices socially unacceptable.36 heap began patrolling the waters in a small area with the intention of allowing fish to flourish and repopulate and then spill over into areas that had been fished out. This informal establishment of a sanctuary was first met with a lot of resistance, eventually though, after seeing the obvious improvements, the island community and local council were able to formalize the sanctuary in 1985, three years after it started. This formalization extended the sanctuary to water surrounding the island up to 500 meters from the shore and declaring a portion a no-take fish sanctuary.37To manage the coral reefs effectively to preserve what is left of the beautiful natural resource, individual people must unite. If the marine ornamentals trade is to successfully turn around and begin to sustain more live fish, certain people must perform their jobs to the fullest. Firstly, there if lobbyists are responsible about the issue, they will provide sound animals, maintain healthy reefs, sustain reef animal populations, and adequately compensate fishing communities for their efforts. Also, responsible industry operators must minimize animal mortality and habitat impacts and focus on animal health and quality collection practices. The problem with this method, though, is that merely trust and word of mouth arent enough. If we are to legitimately depleting the coral reefs in Southeast Asia, we must set international standards.